Purpose: This paper sought to classify, analyze, and investigate domestic research papers on the physical rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy, and to suggest a direction for rehabilitation after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Methods: A literature search was conducted from June 1 to June 30, 2022, and only papers published in domestic journals during the past 10 years were searched. The main search term was “rehabilitation for children with cerebral palsy”, and “rehabilitation” such as “exercise rehabilitation,” “equestrian rehabilitation”, and “aquatic rehabilitation” were reviewed when they appeared in the titles and abstracts. A total of 18 books were selected according to the exclusion criteria.
Results: Rehabilitation by area was divided into exercise rehabilitation, Bobath rehabilitation, equestrian rehabilitation, and aquatic rehabilitation. Analysis was undertaken based on the period of rehabilitation, area wise from 2012 to 2017, except for aquatic rehabilitation, which was studied once in 2020. The intervention effects of exercise rehabilitation were summarized as PICO (Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome), and most of the studies showed improvements in the subject's physical functions.
Conclusion: Research on the physical rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy is being conducted in multiple directions and through several methods. In addition to the Bobath and Vojta approaches, equestrian rehabilitation, aquatic rehabilitation using the buoyancy of water, and computer rehabilitation are conducted. For the physical rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy in the context of COVID-19, programs that are linked with families and those that incorporate Information Communications Technology (ICT) could be developed.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of an intervention that combined the abdominal drawing-in maneuver and frequency-specific neuromuscular electrical stimulation on changes in trunk muscle activity, muscle fatigue, and balance in stroke patients.
Methods: Thirty stroke patients were randomly assigned to two groups. Fifteen subjects were assigned to group I which performed the abdominal drawing-in maneuver combined with low-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation and the other 15 subjects to group II where the abdominal drawing-in maneuver was combined with high-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Muscle activity and fatigue were measured using surface electromyography before the intervention. Balance was measured using the Trunk Impairment Scale and re-measured after six weeks of intervention for comparative analysis.
Results: Both groups showed a significant increase in muscle activity and balance (p< 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the groups (p >0.05). In the changes in muscle fatigue, only the experimental group II showed a significant increase in muscle fatigue (p<0.05). The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p<0.05).
Conclusion: It was confirmed that among stroke patients, the combination of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver and low-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation was more effective in changing the muscle activity and balance of the trunk by minimizing the occurrence of muscle fatigue compared to the combination of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver and high-frequency stimulation. These results can be used as basic data for clinical trunk stabilization training.

Purpose: This study sought to investigate the effects of visual cue deprivation balance training by applying head control feedback to the balance function and the fall index in older people.
Methods: The study was conducted on 26 older people at the S Hospital in Gyeongsansi. The patients were randomly divided into the experimental groupⅠ (EGⅠ, n=9), the experimental groupⅡ (EGⅡ, n=9), and the control group (CG, n=8). The three groups were trained for 30 minutes three times a week for four weeks. To assess the patients' static balance function, their limits of stability (LOS) was measured using the BioRescue system, (RM Ingenierie, France), composed of a pressure platform that can measure force in diverse ways, a computer, and a monitor. The dynamic balance function was measured using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Also, the fall index was measured to evaluate the risk of falling. A paired t-test was performed to compare pre- and post-training performance within the groups. One-way ANOVA was performed for comparing the three groups. A post hoc least significant difference (LSD) test was also performed.
Results: The results of the LOS showed a significant difference after training in the EGⅠ and EGⅡ groups (p<0.05). As a result of the difference between the three groups, there was a significant difference after training (p<0.05). The results of the BBS showed a significant difference after training in the EGⅠ group (p<0.05). As a result of the difference between the three groups, there was a significant difference after training (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Visual cue deprivation balance training applying head control feedback is effective in improving the dynamic balance function in older people. It is also necessary to constantly maintain the head orientation by feedback and to properly control the head movement.

Purpose: This study sought to identify the effects of an insole applied for the flexible flat-foot condition on dynamic balance and ankle muscle activities during the Y-balance test (YBT).
Methods: Thirteen flexible flat-footed adults and an equal number of normal-footed adults were enrolled. The dynamic balance of the subjects was measured using the YBT, which is a reach test. While they were reaching forward with their foot, the percentage maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus and medial and lateral gastrocnemius were measured and analyzed. The flat-footed group then applied the ready-made insoles and underwent the YBT again. A comparison of the distance and muscle activity was conducted using YBT, not only between the flat-footed and control group, but also between the flat-footed group before and after the application of the insole.
Results: Between the groups, the anterior reach distance in the flat-footed group was significantly lower, but there were no significant differences observed in the posteromedial and posterolateral directions. With the insole, the reach distance of the flat-footed group was significantly increased in the anterior and posterolateral direction compared to the control group. With the insole, the lateral gastrocnemius activity significantly decreased compared to trials without the insole in the flat-footed group, but there were no significant differences in the other muscles.
Conclusion: The insole for flat-footed subjects can maintain the medial arch of the foot, and it may help enhance functional and mechanical dynamic balance in people with flat feet.

Purpose: In Japan, the Long-Term Care Insurance Act has stipulated visiting rehabilitation since 2000. This study aimed to identify the actual conditions of visiting rehabilitation in Japan through a literature review of reports published by the Japanese government.
Methods: This literature review was conducted on eight articles among various government reports on the topic of the actual conditions of visiting rehabilitation. These reports were published by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan based on their own investigations or reports from an external agency entrusted with the task, and were issued between 2000 and 2021.
Results: The characteristics of the visiting rehabilitation offices, their number, manpower allocation, the number of users, and their visits to each office were identified. Also, the characteristics of the users, number of users, age and required degree of long-term care, causative disease, and required medical care were identified. To evaluate the actual status of the visiting rehabilitation service, the service use time, frequency, period of use, intervention by doctors and the degree of such intervention, therapist's service content, visitors' address before the use of the service, reason, and timing of the service introduction, evaluation of the service effectiveness, combination of services and transfer destination after termination, and status after service termination were checked.
Conclusion: Based on the Japanese experience where visiting rehabilitation was introduced and applied to long-term care insurance, it would be meaningful to review the factors that required benchmarking among the Japanese service models while designing a similar model in Korea.

Purpose: The Cardiac Rehabilitation scale (INCR scale) is a verified measure worldwide. The scale measures the extent to which cardiac rehabilitation meets the various needs of the participating patients and determines how education related to heart disease and rehabilitation satisfies their preferences. The current study applied the INCR scale to verify and develop it for use in Korea by conforming to Korean culture and language.
Methods: The Korean version of the INCR scale was created after a six-step process in accordance with the international questionnaire translation law. The Korean version of the INCR scale was assessed in 45 cardiac rehabilitation patients (29 males, 16 females). Internal consistency was verified using Cronbach's alpha. Test-re-test reliability and interrater reliability were verified using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Content validity was selected to verify the validity.
Results: The content validity index of the Korean version of the INCR scale was high, with an average of 0.93. Cronbach's Alpha for Internal consistency also revealed high reliability of 0.89 in all 10 categories. The interclass correlation coefficient of the test-re-test and interrater reliability scores were 0.95 and 0.81, respectively.
Conclusion: Our results indicate that the Korean version of the INCR scale would be instrumental in the clinical setting to determine the knowledge, educational needs, and preferences of patients participating in cardiovascular disease and cardiac rehabilitation.

Purpose: This study investigates the effect of 60° semi-squat exercises according to three different types of support surfaces. The effects were examined on joint position sense and balancing ability using stable and unstable surfaces in patients afflicted with post-stroke hemiplegia.
Methods: Subjects were instructed to perform three sets of 60° semi-squat exercises according to the characteristics of the support surface conditions. The three ground states were bilateral stable surface (BSS), nonaffected side unstable surface (NUS), and bilateral unstable surface (BUS). The joint position sense, characteristics of body sway, and dynamic balance were analyzed according to floor conditions before and after the experiment. A balance-pad (50 cm W×41 cm L×6 cm H; Alcan Airex AG, Sins, Switzerland) was used for the unstable floor.
Results: The 60° semi-squat exercises applied to hemiplegic patients showed the highest statistical significance in joint position sense in the NUS group, and Timed Up and Go test (TUG) in the BUS group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Functional training using an unstable surface can be applied as a meaningful intervention method for improving the balance and joint position sense of stroke patients.

Purpose: This study was undertaken to identify the effect of amateur wind musical performance and choir activity on pulmonary function, and to determine the usefulness as a respiration training program by measuring the pulmonary functions of subjects.
Methods: A total of 90 subjects (wind instrument players group=30, choir members group=30, control group=30) participated in the experiment. Pulmonary function test (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio, MVV, SVC, PEF, FEF 25-75%, IRV, ERV) was conducted using a spirometer (CardioTouch 3000S, Bionet, Seoul, Republic of Korea). Each factor was measured 3 times to meet the American Thoracic Society criteria, and the highest value was used in the analysis.
Results: Comparing pulmonary function between the amateur wind instrument players (WP), amateur choir members (CH), and control (CG) groups revealed significant differences in FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, and ERV (p<0.05). Highest values were obtained in the WP group. Significant differences were obtained for various factors in the multiple regression analysis of practice year (PY), practice time per week (PTPW), and exercise time per week (ETPW): FEV1 and FVC in PY, FEV1/FVC in PTPW, and FEV1/FVC, MVV, PEF, and FEF (25-75%) in ETPW.
Conclusion: Amateur wind instrument performance effectively improves lung function and is useful as a breathing training program for preventing debilitation and improving respiratory function.

Purpose: This study sought to study the effects of cross-legged sitting posture on joint motion. It also examined the correlation between the changes in the joint range of motion, musculoskeletal symptoms, and facial asymmetry.
Methods: The Acumar Digital Inclinometer (Lafayette Instrument Company, USA) was used to measure the range of motion (ROM). We measured the flexion and extension of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine using a dual inclinometer, and measured the ROM of the shoulder and hip joint with a single inclinometer. The Likert scale questionnaire was used to investigate musculoskeletal symptoms and facial asymmetry.
Results: The data analysis was performed using the Jamovi version 1.6.23 statistical software. After confirming the normality of the ROM with descriptive statistics, it was compared with the normal ROM through a one-sample t-test. Correlation matrix analysis was performed to confirm the association between facial asymmetry and musculoskeletal symptoms. The result of the one-sample t-test showed a significant increase in the thoracic spine extension and right and left hip external rotation (p<0.001***), while most other joints were restricted. As per the frequency analysis, facial asymmetry was found to be 81.70%.
Conclusion: The independent variable, namely cross-legged sitting posture led to an increase in ROM. The study also suggests that facial asymmetry and musculoskeletal symptoms could occur. Therefore, to prevent the increase and limitation of ROM and to prevent the occurrence of facial asymmetry and musculoskeletal symptoms, it is suggested that the usual cross-legged sitting posture should be avoided.

Purpose: This study examined the effects of a kettlebell and aqua bag on the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and vastus medialis lower extremity muscle strength during a one-leg deadlift, a top-down exercise.
Methods: Twenty healthy adults were enrolled in the one-leg deadlift exercise under two conditions. The muscle activity of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and vastus medialis was measured by surface electromyography (S-EMG). A paired t-test was used for statistical analysis, and the statistical significance criteria were set to p<0.05.
Results: A comparison of the muscle activity according to the degree of contraction of the gluteus maximus revealed low muscle activity in AD exercise compared to KD exercise (p<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the gluteus medius and vastus medialis (p<0.05).
Conclusion: These results suggest that when the one-leg deadlift exercise is performed according to the weight characteristics, the gluteus maximus is suitable for intervention using a kettlebell, and the gluteus medius and vastus medialis are more suitable for intervention by providing instability using an aqua bag.