Purpose: This study examined the brain attention biofeedback self-regulation training (BABST) effects on attention, multidimensional impulsivity, emotional response intensity, and self-regulated learning ability of school-aged children in the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design was used. There were 36 school-aged children in the experimental and control groups. The experimental groups received 10 BABSTsessions for 4 weeks. The data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnova, Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon signed-rank, and Quade Two-Way ANCOVA by ranks for non-parametric tests. Results: All the variables showed homogeneity between the two groups except academic stress that was controlled as a covariate. The experimental group ranked significantly higher in attention (F=4.43, p=.043), cognitive impulsivity (F=9.70, p=.004), behavior impulsivity (F=11.21, p=.032), emotional response intensity (F=21.94, p<.001), self-regulated learning ability (F=8.71, p=.006) than the control group. Conclusion: The brain attention biofeedback self-regulation program, as a brain neurocognitive-based nursing intervention, markedly improved attention, impulsivity, emotional response intensity, and self-regulated learning ability in school-aged children.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the aggressive characteristics of children and adolescents with ASD through an integrated literature review. Methods: Data collection was conducted for papers published in Korean or English language from December 2018 to February 2019. Literature search was conducted through keywords, such as 'autism', 'ASD', 'autistic', 'asperger', 'agress', 'violence', 'SIB', 'child', and 'adolescent', and 19 papers were finally selected. In order to identify the aggressive behavior characteristics and influencing factors of children and adolescents with ASD, the contents of the core results were analyzed through repeated review of research results. Results: Characteristics related to aggression in children and adolescents with ASD were classified into biological factors, cognitive factors, social factors, and affective-emotional factors, and related variables affecting aggression were identified with each topic. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the basis for the development of accessible interventions for children and adolescents with ASD and their caregivers can be prepared.

Purpose: Firefighters belong to an occupational group that is consistently exposed to psychological challenges, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examines firefighters' perceptions of psychological intervention programs. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 firefighters who were divided into two focus groups. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. Results: Six barriers and seven suggestions regarding psychological intervention programs were identified. The barriers were “work overload”, “uncomfortable counseling situation”, “perfunctory programs”, “lack of consulting specialists”, “limited number of participants”, and “lack of replacement workers while attending the intervention programs”. Suggestions to overcome these barriers included developing “sustainable” and “highly accessible” intervention programs “focused on positive aspects of traumatic events”, considering “job characteristics” and “individual psychosocial characteristics”, as well as employing “experts with knowledge of firefighters' duties”, and “creating a supportive work environment for psychological intervention”. Conclusion: Based on these findings, the interventions should focus on the positive aspects of traumatic events, with flexibility and practicality, tailored to the individual and occupational characteristics of firefighters.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in perception between school-age children and their parents on the parents' interpersonal caring behavior and examine the mediating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between parents' interpersonal caring behavior and happiness among late school-age children. Methods: The survey data of 109 pairs of school-age children and their parents were analyzed. The data were collected May 21-July 7, 2021 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analyses based on the Baron and Kenny criterion. Results: The differences in perception between children and parents on the parents' interpersonal caring behaviors were significantly different in noticing, sharing, and companioning. Parents' interpersonal caring behavior of children significantly positively correlated with self-esteem (r=46, p<.001) and happiness (r=.66, p<.001). Happiness also significantly positively correlated with self-esteem (r=.80, p<.001). Also, self-esteem (β=.63, p=<.001) had a significant partial mediating effect on the relationship between parents' interpersonal caring behavior and happiness (Z=4.82, p<.001). Conclusion: It is necessary to develop an intervention program of interpersonal caring that improves happiness for the children.

Purpose: This study was conducted to understand the meaning of the work performance of infection control nurses (ICNs) in general hospitals during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This was a qualitative study to explore and describe the implications of the work performance of ICNs during the early COVID-19 pandemic through a phenomenological approach. One-on-one in-depth interviews were conducted with ICNs who had been working since before the COVID-19 pandemic in the infection control department. Results: The topics brought up by the participants were categorized into five themes. The themes included “confusion caused by the early COVID-19 pandemic,” “exhaustion due to an explosion of work related to COVID-19,” “active response as an ICN,” “emphasis on the importance of infection control,” and “overcoming the early COVID-19 pandemic”. Conclusion: It is necessary to strengthen the competence of ICNs as experts and establish a career management system to overcome the confusion and physical and psychological difficulties experienced by ICNs.

Purpose: This study examined the effect of the smartphone-based intervention program using laughter therapy on psychological and biological factors of the middle aged and older adults living alone. Methods: Data collection was conducted by a structured questionnaire about depression, loneliness, life satisfaction, and biological factors including general characteristics for the subjects residing in Cheonan, Korea. The collected data were analyzed by x2 test, t-test using SPSS/WIN ver. 26.0. There were 28 experimental and 31 control subjects. Results: The experimental group received laughter therapy for 4 weeks along with usual care. The control group received usual care only. After 4 weeks, there was a statistically significant difference in depression (t=-3.28, p=.002), life satisfaction (t=-2.89, p=.006), and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) (t=-2.36, p=.021) between the two groups. Conclusion: This study presents growing evidence for the diverse applications and benefits of laughter and humor. When using laughter as a complementary method to enhance health, it will be more effective to tailor the program to the specific needs of the individual.

Purpose: Psychiatric hospital length of stay (LOS) is not affected solely by socio-clinical factors but also by legal procedures. This study examined the associations between legal procedures and LOS. Methods: Data from 521 patients with psychiatric illnesses hospitalized over 2013-2015 were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the predictors of longer (> 14 days) or prolonged (> 30) LOS with socio-clinical factors and legal procedures including court-ordered interventions (assisted outpatient treatment, medication over objection, and retention). Results: Longer LOS occurred in 246 patients and 99 had prolonged LOS. Legal procedures affected 57 patients, with 11 assisted outpatient treatments, 39 cases of medication over objection, and 16 retentions. Longer LOS was significantly associated with six factors including older age, unmarried status, non-Hispanic race, risk of violence, schizophrenia, and legal procedures. Legal procedures had the strongest association. Longer/prolonged LOS yielded qualitatively similar associations. Conclusion: Among 521 psychiatric inpatients, approximately 11% were mandated to receive interventions/procedures by the courts. Court-ordered legal procedures were strongly associated with longer LOS. Mental health providers may consider legal procedures for patients at high treatment/medication noncompliance risk as early as patient admission to inpatient units to prevent, intervene or prepare for a longer or prolonged LOS.

Purpose: This study was investigated the effects of job stress, communication type, and coaching competency on job commitment. Methods: The subjects of this study were 153 preceptor nurses at a general hospital located in S city. The data collection period was from April 1 to April 15, 2021. A self-report questionnaire was used as the data collection method. Results: (β=-.29, p<.001), ptimism coaching competency (β=.30, p<.001), dysfunctional communication type (β=.16, p=.020). Conclusion: For job immersion, job stress management is required, and in particular, in relation to job tension, it is necessary to prepare a plan to increase job immersion through management because nurses perform the role of educating new nurses as well as their duties as nurses optimism plays a very important role in coaching competency. Therefore, it is necessary to increase professionalism developa systematic preceptorship program.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the experiences of nursing students' therapeutic use of self in web-based psychiatric nursing practicum focusing on role-playing. Methods: The participants were 13 senior nursing students who had underwent three weeks of web-based psychiatric nursing practicum. Data were collected through in-depth video interviews, and analyzed using the grounded theory method, developed by Strauss and Corbin (1998). Results: In total, 14 categories and 29 sub-categories were generated. The central phenomenon was “hardship in the therapeutic use of self.” The action/interaction strategies were “implementation of role-playing considering therapeutic communication,” “heightened sensitivity about nursing priorities,” and “performing relearning and repetitive training”. The consequences of these action/interaction strategies went through “further development of the therapeutic use of self,” “recognizing that persistent self-reflection is required”, and that the participants “gained confidence about the therapeutic use of self.” The core category of the experience of therapeutic use of self was to “overcome hardship and confidently advance forward.” This process manifested in the stages of burden, crouching, urgency, and confidence. Conclusion: The findings suggest that more attention needs to be paid to the therapeutic relationship and the therapeutic use of self in education and research.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the effects of the Horticultural Therapy Program on interpersonal relations, self-efficacy, and stress awareness for patients with mental illness. Methods: This was a non-equivalent control group pre and post-test design study. Participants were recruited from a closed ward of mental health hospitals located in the G city. 23 patients from two hospitals were in the experimental group and 20 patients from four hospitals were in the control group. A ninety-minute horticultural program was performed once a week for 8 weeks. Results: Results revealed that the Horticultural Therapy Program was effective for self-efficacy (z=-3.06 p=.002) and stress awareness (z=2.92, p=.004) for patients with mental illnesses. Conclusion: These results indicate that the Horticultural Therapy Program is effective for self-efficacy and stress awareness in patients with mental illnesses. Therefore, the Horticultural Therapy Program is recommended as an effective psychiatric nursing intervention for mental health promotion and rehabilitation.