Objective: This study examined whether difficulties in finding childcare due to COVID-19 were associated with depression, whether marital conflict mediated the association, and whether household poverty moderated the associations focusing on employed mothers raising young children. Methods: The study sample included data collected from 148 employed mothers raising young children aged 3 to 5. Regression, structural equation models, and the conditional indirect effect were used for the analyses.
Results: Difficulties in finding childcare due to COVID-19 were indirectly associated with depression through marital conflict, although the direct effect was not statistically significant. For mothers living in poverty, difficulties in finding childcare was associated with depression indirectly through increasing marital conflict. However, for non-poor mothers, although difficulties in finding childcare was associated with increased marital conflict, it did not have a significant effect on increasing depression. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the need to provide a more diverse and flexible childcare system for employed mothers to reduce marital conflict and depression in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: This study was conducted with the purpose of examining the influence of family economic deterioration caused by COVID-19 on anxiety among adolescents in multicultural families as well as the mediating effect of daily stress. Methods: Data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey in 2020 were utilized, along with SPSS Process macro to analyze the direct and indirect influences of family economic deterioration caused by COVID-19 on anxiety. Results: First, the results show that family economic deterioration caused by COVID-19 positively and significantly influenced anxiety among adolescents in multicultural families. Next, adolescents' daily stress fully mediated the influence of family economic deterioration caused by COVID-19 on anxiety. Experiencing family economic deterioration increased levels of daily stress and, in turn, increased the likelihood of experiencing anxiety. Conclusion: Based on the results, this study discussed social welfare intervention strategies to protect and improve the mental health of adolescents in multicultural families in the midst of a disaster.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the associations between the usefulness of smart work and work-family conflict and between the techno-stress and work-family conflict among dual-income women during the COVID-19 period. Also, the moderating roles of fairness in the division of housework between the links were explored. Methods: A total of 338 dual-income women who experienced ICT-based non-face-to-face working during the COVID-19 period were participants. A series of hierarchical regressions were conducted to analyze the moderating roles of perception of fairness in the division of housework. Results: Dual-income women who perceived high smart work usefulness and fairness in the housework division reported low work-family conflict. In the associations between techno-stress and family-work conflict, the perception of fairness in the housework division played a protective factor. Conclusions: ICT-based non-face-to-face working methods will be used more in the future. For dual-income women, fairness in the housework division is necessary to increase the usefulness of smart work, reduce techno-stress, and reduce work-family conflict ultimately.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the process linking mother's authoritative parenting behavior and children's school adjustment, focusing on the sequential mediational role of children's self-esteem and executive function difficulty. Methods: The research subjects were 694 (boys: 356, girls: 338) who had participated in the 11th Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC). The survey data were analyzed mediating effect between variables using the SPSS Process Macro model 6. Results: First, mother's authoritative parenting behavior had a significant direct effect on children's school adjustment. Second, mother's authoritative parenting behavior had an indirect effect on children's school adjustment through executive function difficulty. Third, the indirect path linking mother's authoritative parenting behavior and children's school adjustment through children's self-esteem and executive function difficulty was significant, and the sequential mediational model was supported. Conclusion: On the basis of the results of this study, the implications on the case conceptualization and intervention strategy with a focus on the school adjustment of children and future research are discussed.

Objective: This study examined the relationship among fathers' childhood attachment to parents, marital communication, and involvement in child care. Specifically, this study investigated the mediating effect of marital communication in the relationship between fathers' childhood attachment to parents and involvement in child care. Methods: The participants were 303 fathers with infants and they responded to questionnaires on research variables. Data were analyzed using the PROCESS macro version 3.4. Results: First, fathers' childhood attachment to their mothers had a positive effect on involvement in child care when marital communication was not considered as a mediator. That is, fathers who had secure childhood attachment to their mothers were more involved in child care. Second, when marital communication was considered as a mediator, this direct effect was not significant and fathers' childhood attachment to their mothers had only an indirect effect on involvement in child care through marital communication. That is, fathers who had secure childhood attachment to their mothers communicated more efficiently with their spouses, which led to more involvement in child care. Conclusions: This study confirmed that fathers' positive relationships with their mothers and spouses are important in the context of the family for fathers' active involvement in child care.