Objectives: In this study, the Q methodology was used and analyzed to explore teachers' perception types and characteristics for child play leadership in children's free play. Methods: To investigate teachers' perception, a semi-structured questionnaire was developed. After forming a population of 130 early childhood teachers, 48 Q samples were finally extracted. P samples were selected for 41 early childhood teachers and Q classification was performed. Q factor analysis using the R program derived a total of three types. Results: Teachers categorized as Type 1 had a positive view on play leadership in free play, but still thought that teachers should be able to inspire confidence through emotional support or encouragement. Teachers of Type 2 did not have a negative view of the free play of children, but they were skeptical about the children taking the lead in free play. Type 3 teachers recognized that free play can be facilitated by the child's inner leadership rather than the teacher's intervention in play. Conclusions: This finding would provide basic data to teachers to activate children's play leadership in free play.

Objective: The Purposes of this study is to investigate the relationship between the preschool boys and girls' effortful control and family income, marital relationships, and the mother's psychological characteristics in korean sample. This study also investigates the relative effects of family income, the mother's psychological characteristics including depression, parenting stress, and marital relationships in domestic data. Methods: The subjects were 242 3∼4 years old preschoolers and their mothers living in D City in Korea. Results: The findings are as follows: First, preschool girls' effortful control was higher than boys' effortful control levels. Second, preschool boys and girls' effortful control was related to the mother's depression, parent role stress, marital conflict and marital satisfaction. Boys' effortful control was related to family income. Third, marital conflict affects boys' effortful control. Mother's depression affects girl's effortful control. Conclusions: Marital conflict affects boy's effortful control and the mother's depression affects girl's effortful control. Based on these results, effective family and parental education programs were suggested.

Objective: This study identified the gender role conflict, intimacy, self-identity, and quality of life of middle-aged men and formed a parametric model. In this model, a multi-group analysis was performed by injecting self-reflection as a control variable. Methods: 443 middle-aged men aged 50 to 65 living in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do and Chungcheong-do were surveyed, and the final analysis was analyzed through a structural equation model. Subsequently, a multi-group analysis was added. Results: The gender conflict, intimacy, self-identity and quality of life of middle-aged men were significant. Also, self-reflection was an influencing factor in improving the quality of life of middle-aged men in this research model. The modulating effect was also examined. Conclusions: The process of improving the quality of life of middle-aged men can be evaluated by empirical studies that identify which psychological processes are effective. In addition, if the setting of counseling goals to help self-reflection is carried out in the counseling field, it is believed that it will be possible to provide richer data on improving the quality of life of middle-aged men.

Objective: This study investigates whether neuroticism and mindfulness would be effect on job stress and psychological burnout of women's emergency hotline 1366 counselors. Further, the study explores that mindfulness could be a moderate of neuroticism on job stress and burn out. Methods: The research subjects consisted of 243 counselor working at 1366. They completed questionnaires consisting of neuroticism, psychological burnout, job stress, and mindfulness. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0. Results: The results indicated that the neuroticism had a positive effect on job stress and psychological burnout. Mindfulness also negatively affected job stress and psychological burnout. In addition, mindfulness moderated in the relation between neuroticism and job stress. Conclusions: These results showed that neuroticism of 1366 counselors affects job stress and psychological burnout, and mindfulness is a protective factor. It is expected to be an important resource for training and education for counselors with neuroticism.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of social support and acculturation perceived by marriage migrant women on parenting stress. Methods: Data from 232 marriage migrant women were used for this study. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS win 26.0 program and descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation analyses, Scheffe and hierarchical regression analyses were performed. Results: First, there were statistically significant differences in Korean proficiency, nationality, the dimensions of acculturation, education level, income. In particular, acculturation was found to be the most influential variable on parenting stress. Second, the relative effects on social support showed that husband and family support was most important to parenting stress, Marriage migrant women perceived respect, recognition, and sound advice as more important than material support as social support. Conclusions: Korean proficiency is an important means of conveying one's thoughts and recognizing how other people feel. Therefore, it is necessary for marriage migrants to perceive a need to learn the local language and actively motivate themselves.