Anna Burns' Booker-winning Milkman is a metaphorical resistance to the slogan of fresh start―“Let's forget the past and start anew,” which was declared in the 1998 Irish Good Friday Agreement. Although the Troubles seemed to be resolved by political logic, the narratives of real life of those who had endured the Troubles were robbed and forced to forget. In particular, women and children on both sides were “invisible” during the Troubles, and their voices have never been represented properly. Milkman is about the psychology of an 18-year-old girl who has a habit of reading while walking down the street, and about the reaction the community shows after she was stalked by Milkman, a member of the IRA leadership. This paper examines the affect of the claustrophobic community created by the Troubles and the individuals in the community from the perspectives of insidious trauma and armed patriarchy. Moreover this paper analyzes the novel's experimental narrative strategies as well as genre change shown in the first and second half of the novel. (Chonnam National University)

This study explores the resistance of bare life that can frustrate desire of prejudiced mainstream classes to dominate, control, and conquer the weak women in man-focused and white-centered society in The Vegetarian and Beloved. This paper, in the process, examines the meaning of governmentality of life focusing on not just survival, but restoration of life and self-realization of excluded lives to inculcate human values beyond absurdity and restriction of society. This is an attempt to newly analyze the meaning of absolute and prevalent power throughout society, which Han Kang and Toni Morrison have noted, and can convey the message that the absurdity of society can be rectified through the power of governmentality of real life. It leads to embodying the meaning of desire for the real body-power of human existence and the energy of life controlling of human spirit and soul. Each protagonist, Yeong-hye and Sethe in the two works, is ultimately reborn as a true subject of life with the spontaneity of desire and provides a new chance to interpret these novels in a sense of rebirth of life. This, in the end, proves that the exercise of irrational power by the mainstream and the ruling classes is to be neutralized in the face of the power of life and true love, enhancing the future value of these two novels. (Daejin University)

This article analyzes the biblical and Christian thematic elements in Ngũgĩ's novels, which are central in his storylines. The author takes a critical stance towards European-Christian culture, whose influence in colonial Africa is significant. In the stories, Ngũgĩ recounts the struggles in his native Kenya, beneath the backdrop of English faith and dogma. This dissonance of cultures fighting is reflected in the writer's own upbringing, becoming evident after he had realized that his Christian baptismal name of James, could no longer represent the culture of his people. His name change to Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o symbolizes this necessary transformation in his evolution to renowned author. Intimately familiar with the Christian doctrine, he draws heavily upon the biblical framework of the Old and New Testament, and invokes the thematic imagery of the Bible, such as the Garden of Eden, Adam and Eve, the Last Supper, the Death on the Cross, the Second Coming of Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary in his novels. Christian imagery is especially apparent in the novel Matigari, whose main characters, Matigari and Guthera, can be compared to Jesus and the prostitute Mary Magdalene. In digesting this imagery from Ngũgĩ, the reader may begin to conclude that the Christianity of the imperialist has been but a tool, used to distort the truth, for the sake of cultural subsumption. (Chonbuk National University)

This study aims to investigate 'new' black masculinity by focusing on Okra and Greens' connubial relationships in Shange's From Okra to Greens / A Different Kinda Love Story. As a poet, and playwright and performance artist ntozake shange wrote about the various experiences of racial and sexual discrimination of black women as well as cementing the views on black feminism, literature and art music. The salient traits of the black men in shange's poems are often focused on physical assault, verbal abuse, beguilement and fecklessness towards female characters. Yet a closer look at and reading of black male characters in shange's later poems in From Okra to Greens shows that shange reserves sympathy for the black man. She redefines manhood as gentleness, emotional vulnerability and sensitivity in these poems. Sexually and romantically involved with a black woman, Okra, Greens as a black man understands the black woman's particular oppression. They are able to work together as a black couple against racist society that victimizes both of them through this kind of understanding. (Woosuk University)

This paper first of all concerns an adjustment of my unheimlich-mechanism concept and fairly correlates to the series works of that mechanism in four steps: The Settling of the Father-unheimlich Figure - Ambivalence and Repetition of Doubles - Fatal Event or Death - Sublimation and Creation. This time, with more help by Lacan and Žižek, the report aims to further reveal that the unheimlich figure of its first stage then indicates more precisely the very Lacanian objet a whose utmost instance is the Phallus, the castration-father: In Seminar X, Lacan declares the Phallus (objet a), unheimlich. Thus supplementing the first stage of that creation Mechanism, I attempt to explore this veiled objet a, the Phallus, as the secret creative force of artistic works as in, for example, Jane Eyre (1847) by Charlotte Brontë, demonstrating the universal application of the mechanism. Moreover, the Phallus, objet a, will be treated regarding the location issue in-between the Real and the Symbolic of the Lacanian Borromean Knot. The present paper first sets itself apart by reinforcing the unheimlich mechanism theory connecting the unheimlich to the Phallus/objet a. Secondly, it expands and suggests almost for the first time a new horizon in reading Jane Eyre with the Lacanian unheimlich mechanism among other studies bearing on the psychoanalytic aspects of the novel. Moreover, this Lacanian reading of Jane Eyre will further explain Jane's rebellious action. (Kyungpook National University)

The 1800s saw the prominence of counterrevolutionary discourses and Hannah More contributed to them considerably through her political, religious, and moral works. This paper attempts to discuss one of More's influential works, Cheap Repository Tracts, which anthologize extremely intriguing anecdotes and stories. Many stories included in Cheap Repository Tracts need attention, but I would like to focus on a story, which is titled The Two Wealthy Farmers, or the History of Mr. Bragwell. The story, The Two Wealthy Farmers characterizes two farmers, Worthy and Bragwell to show the triumph of moral wisdom and the correction of follies. In The Two Wealthy Farmers More shows her great literary ambition for moral educations and didacticism. More thought that her own didacticism was opportune as Britain had to cope with the disorder following the French Revolution and the French Revolutionary Wars at that time. More's The Two Wealthy Farmers was a message sent to the British public; More recognized the value of order and moderation in the time of crisis. (Jeonbuk National University)

This paper aims to examine the oppressed feminine values such as freedom, affectivity, and individuality under the rein of British imperialism in The Remains of the Day. In this novel, the narrator with a strong vocational faith as a butler of Darlington Hall surrenders all of his initiatives to his master. As a result, accomplishing his lord's sublime ideas of contributing to the history of civilization became his own reason of existence. However, this kind of world-view based upon a hierarchy system orients to totalitarian society, an extended model of patriarchy excluding female and femininity in both house and society. In this regard, this article attempts to recover the silenced voices and ideas of the female characters such as Kenton, a lover of Stevens, and Sarah and Luth, expelled Jewish maids. Bearing the structural similarity between imperialism and patriarchy in mind, this paper tries to illuminate the hidden features in Stevens' memory narrative with which he polishes his shameful past. In this process, we will find out his narrative, a sort of travel essay works for recognizing his position looked through broader views and for liberating his life-long repression. Throughout the six-day journey of searching for the lost things in his entire life, Stevens finds the clue to be an independent human being rather than a servant of anybody.

Reading plays a critical role in improving the language proficiency of EFL learners. Indispensable to this end are appropriate reading materials for them to use in their reading class or on their own. This paper attempts to investigate the pedagogical effects of using newspaper articles as an authentic reading material. For our discussion, we take a survey among 65 Chinese EFL college students to find out their attitude towards news reading materials, strategies for reading, and enhancement in reading comprehension. The findings of the survey reveal that the teaching of these reading materials via explicit instruction exerts positive effects on the three objectives as follows. First, the paired-sample t-test of the pre-Q and the post-Q shows that teaching English newspaper materials improves the students' attitude towards English reading. Second, this test also shows that the students have greatly improved their reading strategies for reading. Third, the results of the paired-sample t-test and the independent t-test indicate that there is significant improvement in reading comprehension after explicit instruction. (Chungbuk National University)

This study examined the perceptions of pre-service elementary school teachers who have more roles and opportunities as English language users. A mixed methods was used through a survey of 109 pre-elementary school teachers and semi-structural interviews. The results were as follows: First, as Korean English speakers in one of non-English speaking countries, the participants showed strong identity as English users and openness to various forms of English. Nonetheless, they still recognized English as a subject of learning which belongs to English-speaking countries such as the United States and the UK. In addition, they showed a strong perception that the culture of English speaking countries should be learned when it comes to learning of culture, although they recognized English as an international language and appreciated its varieties. With the findings about the participants' perceptions toward English and English use, implications are suggested including the urgency of raising awareness of having critical perspective in English language learning. (Busan National University of Education)

This paper puts weight on why double interpretation turns up to be small clause(SC) in English and what characteristics to be has in SC. The driving forces by matrix verb clause and matching & checking processes in the internal structure of SC presenting [±strong voiceP: ±SVP] will be explained. In the case of to be SC with [-SVP] feature sharing [-tense], the phase becomes invisible according to Gallego (2010)'s phase sliding that v*P phase 'moves upward' to TsP and this verbal movement results in the extension of checking domains. In terms of this theoretical background, this paper demonstrates how feature checking of SC's components is carried out in the extended phase. In the same vein, this argument also can be accounted for why [+SVP] feature occurs and how feature checking proceeds in SC that to be is invisible. Eventually, the differences between to be SC and non-to be SC will be classified. On top of that the reason why double interpretation is possible in to be SC will be analyzed semantically and syntactically. (Chonbuk National University)