The present study aimed to evaluate the concentration of odor substances and fine dust in areas where livestock farms are densely located, and to perform a correlation analysis of these concentrations to characterize the composition of fine dust. The mass concentration of fine dust in the areas tested was 33.6~46.68 μ/㎥ for particulate matter with a diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM‌10) and 16.85~32.82 μ/㎥ for particulate matter with a diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5). These concentrations were higher than those in most of the neighboring areas. Ammonia concentration was measured in the range of 2.82~11.42 μ/㎥. The concentrations of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), methyl ethyl ketone and toluene, were 0.24~11.82 μ/㎥, and 3.08~30.61 μ/㎥, respectively. Composition analysis showed that fine dust was composed of 8.2~10.2% carbon, 0.3~1.7% sulfur, and 0.1~0.9% nitrogen. Anions were detected at a higher concentration than cations, and SO42- was measured at the highest concentration. Of the four most prevalent metals detected (i.e., Al, B, Cu, and Zn), Al showed the highest concentration in both PM10 and PM2.5, and accounted for the majority of the total metal component (84.7% and 82.2%, respectively). A correlation analysis of find dust with ammonia and VOC (methyl ethyl ketone and toluene) concentrations showed that ammonia generated from livestock facilities affected the formation of fine dust in nearby areas. VOCs emitted from nearby industrial facilities were also considered to contribute to the constituents of fine dust.

The source contributions in PM-2.5 were investigated in two residential areas (i.e., Yeosu and Suncheon of Gwangyang Bay) using a source apportionment model. As a result, eight sources have been identified such as secondary sulfate (31%), mobile (16.8%), secondary nitrate (15.9%), soil and road emission (15.2%), biomass burning (11.5%), oil combustion (4.2%), coal combustion (3.7%), and industry activity (1.7%) in the Yeosu area. In the Suncheon area, secondary sulfate (27.3%), biomass burning (16.4%), and secondary nitrate (15.3%) were investigated as the major sources. Clustering of the trajectories revealed dominant wind patterns associated with high concentrations due to long range transport. In conclusion, this study shows that the source apportionment model yields results for identifying pollutant sources in two receptor locations.

Various volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including aldehydes, are present in fried food being cooked in high-temperature oil. In this study, real-time VOC concentration was measured in the upper part of a large pot in the cooking room using Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR ToF MS) for 3 days (roasted on the first day, fried on the second day, and simmered on the third day). The average concentration of diacetyl was the highest on the first day of stir-frying and steaming. The highest concentrations of formaldehyde was on day 3 when pork was cooked in sugar and sauce. Formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, acrolein, diacetyl, and naphthalene were detected during the frying process on the second day, and were detected in descending order of boiling point. In addition, various VOCs such as methanol were detected. The maximum/minimum concentration ratio was the highest for acrolein (3,030), so it was confirmed that many aldehydes were generated during frying. Although there is a limit to direct comparison with Occupational Exposure Limit as a result of area sample by PTR ToF MS, the mean concentrations of formaldehyde and diacetyl during the frying operation for 15 minutes were 232 ppb and 16 ppb, respectively, which was 80% of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Threshold Limit Value-Short Term Exposure Limit. After the frying was over, the VOC concentration began to decrease, and it took more than 3 hours to lower the VOC concentration to the level before the oil was heated. As various harmful gaseous substances are generated when cooking deep-frying, improvement methods such as using oil with high boiling points and developing respiratory protection programs should be devised.

In Ulsan, large-scale industrial facilities emit large amounts of various odors and hazardous air pollutants. This study investigated the current status of odor problems in Ulsan and suggested a comprehensive management system. Owing to the geographical conditions, weather conditions, major industrial complexes, and management of emission facilities, complaints about odor occur mainly in summer. The city authority responds to odor problems by preparing comprehensive measures to prevent odors and introducing unmanned sampling devices, real-time monitors, and a mobile monitoring system. Major odor substances and pollution characteristics can be identified through these efforts, but information on specific odor substances, complex odors, emission sources, and transport pathways is lacking. Therefore, it is necessary to upgrade the current monitoring system and establish a comprehensive management system to solve this problem.