Recently, the term “One Health” has been widely used in many different contexts and by people with different professional backgrounds, resulting in confusion among clinicians and scientists. Although defining the boundaries of One Health is difficult, One Health promotes health through interdisciplinary studies and actions, across all animal species. The One Health Initiative proposed the One Health concept as a worldwide strategy for expanding interdisciplinary collaborations and communications in all aspects of health care for people, animals and the environment. For examples, the West African Ebola outbreaks of 2013~2015, which started in Guinea and became pandemic spread, as well as the global action plans to control the antibiotic resistance provide some useful insights how to analyze the One Health. So far, it seems that significant gaps are present in disease awareness and management, which can be addressed in responses to future outbreaks of emerging diseases. These gaps include (i) insufficient monitoring and ecological modelling of zoonotic diseases, (ii) insufficient systems for community education about the ecological aspects of disease outbreak and management, and (iii) insufficient resources committed to enhancing food security to limit environmental encroachment and exposure to zoonotic disease in the wild. To fill these gaps, it might be needed to generate the data required to create computational models that will be accurately predict outbreaks as well as seasonal monitoring of natural reservoirs for zoonotic diseases. In addition, a coordinated response is required in both human and veterinary sectors and resources must be committed to ensure that unstable food security does not increase opportunities for human to encounter viral reservoirs. Most importantly, professionals in environmental sciences, veterinary medicine, and human medicine need to help each other in the stewardship to achieve the One Health paradigm.

One Health is an integrated approach for preventing and mitigating health threats at the animal-human-plant-environment interfaces with the objective of achieving public health, food and nutrition security, sustainable ecosystems and fair-trade facilitation. Health threats have become more complex due to globalisation, increasing population, climate change, deforestation, and intensive livestock production practices. Majority (75%) of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are of animal origin and diseases such as rabies and zoonotic influenza continue to pose threat to human and animal health. Foodborne diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) are increasingly emerging at the human-animal interface thus requiring a One Health multi-sectoral collaboration to address these emerging threats.
Since 2010, the tripartite, consisting of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), and the World Health Organization (WHO) have come together to synergise their efforts and in coordinating their efforts in addressing the One Health threats including Rabies, Zoonotic Influenza, AMR and other emerging zoonoses at the animal-human-ecosystem interface. The tripartite has come up with several global strategic plans, frameworks, guidelines, strategies, tools and mechanisms to support countries in addressing these threats. The tripartite has been organising the multisectoral workshop on zoonoses biennially since 2010 to keep the momentum on multisectoral coordination and collaboration in countries to address health threats and the most recent workshop was held in Bangkok this year.
The OIE, as the global inter-governmental organisation spearheading issues related to animal health and welfare, has been at the forefront in conceptualising and undertaking several activities such as organising workshops, seminars, conferences on zoonoses including diseases such as Rabies, Zoonotic Influenza, Zoonotic Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Neglected Parasitic Zoonoses and other threats such as AMR. As the global standard setting body, the OIE publishes latest scientific information on animal diseases including zoonoses that countries can use for their disease prevention and control programs. The OIE through its rabies vaccine bank provides a platform for countries to access high quality animal rabies vaccines at affordable cost to prevent and control rabies in countries and support global target of eliminating dog-mediated human rabies by 2030. To address the threat of AMR, the OIE supports countries in the prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials through workshops to monitor the use of antimicrobials in animals; seminars for the livestock and aquaculture industries, veterinary schools, veterinarians, associations; and laboratory trainings on AMR surveillance.
Given the diversity in terms of animal production systems, animal and human population, developmental stages of countries in the Asia Pacific Region, there are still many challenges faced by countries in addressing the threats posed by zoonoses and emerging diseases. These challenges include weak political support, lack of adequate resources (human, infrastructure and funds), competing priorities amongst the One Health stakeholders, and weak coordination amongst the key stakeholders. In order to address the emerging threats posed by zoonoses and AMR, it is important to strengthen One Health initiatives at all levels through continuous advocacy for political support, institutionalisation of national and sub-national multisectoral coordination mechanisms, application of multisectoral tools, and joint prioritisation of One Health needs.

신종 바이러스 감염증에 대한 효과적인 치료, 진단 및 예방법 개발을 위해서는 발병기전 및 인체 면역반응에 대한 정보가 필수적이다. 2015년 국내에서 발생한 메르스 감염증 환자의 각종 면역반응을 분석하여 인체 면역반응이 메르스 병인 및 숙주 방어에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 발병 초기 및 회복기 혈액검체를 대상으로 각종 사이토카인의 농도, 항바이러스 항체 역가 및 바이러스 항원 특이 T-림프구 반응성 등을 관찰하고 임상경과 및 중증도와 이들 측정치와의 관련성을 조사하였다. 발병초기 혈장내 proinflammatory cytokine 및 chemokine들이 임상 중증도와 비례적으로 높게 관찰되었으며 일부 중증환자에서는 CD8+ T-림프구 반응이 강하게 관찰되어 이러한 과도한 면역반응들이 조직병변 유발과 관련될 수 있음을 시사하였다. 항체반응은 발병 2-3주째 나타나기 시작하여 3-4주째 최고치에 이른 후 점차 낮아지지만, 회복 후 3년째에도 약 45%의 환자에서 양성반응이 관찰되었다. 임상경과가 중증일수록 중화항체반응이 높게 나타나지만 이러한 항체반응이 반드시 증세 호전이나 바이러스 퇴치를 불러 오지는 못하는 것으로 추정된다. 세포성 면역반응은 Th1 또는 Tc1 반응 위주이며, 이 역시 중증일수록 강한 반응성을 보이고 오랫동안 지속성을 나타내는 것으로 관찰되었다. CD4+ T-림프구는 S-protein 보다 E/M/N-protein에 더 높게, 반대로 CD8+ T-림프구는 S-protein에 더 높게 반응하는 것으로 조사되었다. 세포성 면역반응 추적조사 결과, 메르스 회복환자의 45-50%에서 감염 후 36개월까지 memory T 림프구가 관찰되었으며, CD4+ T-림프구 보다 CD8+ T-림프구에서 더 높은 빈도로 나타났다. 이와 같이 메르스 감염에 따른 기본 면역정보들의 확보에도 불구하고, 새로운 MERS 면역치료제 및 예방백신의 개발을 위해서는 초기 면역반응의 면역병리기전에서의 정확한 역할이나 상기 관찰된 기억면역반응들의 실질적 질병예방 능력에 대해서 보다 심도있는 추후 연구가 필요할 것이다.

Human-animal interactions are critical for understanding the zoonotic viral diseases. The complex relationship between human and animal species has evolved since the advent of human species, bringing the interface without ceasing evolution, promoting the transmission, emergence and eventual evolution of infectious agents. Although companion animals which comprise a wide variety of species are major member of animals, along with farm or industrial animals and wildlife, their role in zoonosis has been neglected. Therefore, we reviewed the literature and several lists from world health organization (WHO) for infections of companion animals by zoonotic viruses and listed in hierarchy in terms of human health and economic impact. Viruses of highest concern included coronavirus, paramyxovirus, tick or mosquito borne viruses, creamian congo virus, hepatitis E virus, rotavirus, LCMV etc… Also, we have listed and described the possible zoonotic infectious diseases that can spread in domestic wild animal cafes And as examples of role of companion animals for viral infections, we reported the avian-to-dog interspecies transmission of influenza viruses and its continuous mutation have led the zoonotic possibilities from recent animal model studies. And we also found evidence for the anthroponotic transmission of human flu viruses to dogs.
The above list of viruses provides an objective basis for more analysis of the risk of companion animals as sources of viruses for human. And the continuous emergences of zoonotic diseases emphasize the more targeted actions to reduce and prevent the risk of zoonosis transmitted via companion animals for healthy human-animal interfaces.

동물로부터 전파되는 감염병인 인수공통전염병은 공중보건의 위험요소이다. 신종감염병원체의 60%가 인수공통감염병이다. 인수공통감염병을 일으키는 동물 중 하나는 반려동물과의 접촉이다. 반려동물은 우리와 여러 가지 영향을 주고받는다. 반려동물로 인해 사람은 육체와 정신의 건강과 안정을 도움 받는다. 이런 많은 장점과 더불어 반려동물로부터 인수공통전염병을 얻게되는 기회도 간과할 수 없다. 최근들어 우리사회는 반려동물을 가족으로 받아들이는 가정이 늘고 있다. 개와 고양이가 대표적인 반려동물이지만, 이외에도 작은 포유동물, 거북이, 새, 물고기, 파충류 등의 독특한 동물을 키우는 경우도 증가한다. 반려동물과 지내면서 교상, 피부노출, 배설물, 매개체 등으로 사람에 감염증이 발생한다. 개나 고양이에 물려 상처가 생기고, Pasteurella spp., Capnocytophage canimorsus, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Anaerobes 등에 감염될 수 있다. 여러 균에의한 중복감염이 생길 수 있고, 적절한 상처 관리와 필요시 항균제를 예방적 또는 치료목적으로 투여한다. 일차약제로는 amoxicillin-clavulanate를 사용한다. 필요시 파상풍예방을 한다. 평소에 기본적인 Tdap/Td 백신 접종이 중요하다. 고양이와의 접촉에서 Bartonella henselae 감염이 발생할 수 있는 데, 서구에서는 흔한 인수공통감염병의 하나이다. 국내에서도 감염증이 확인되었고, 보다 많은 사례가 있을 것으로 판단되지만 간과된 측면이 있다. 실험실적인 진단이 어려울 수 있어 임상적으로 의심하는 것이 중요하다. 대신 평소 적절한 관리와 관계가 중요하다. 반려동물시 전후로 손위생을 하고, 반려동물의 건강을 평소 잘 챙기는 것이 좋다. 야생동물이 아무리 귀여워 보여도 접촉을 피하도록 한다. 반려동물유래 감염병을 우려하여 반려동물을 멀리할 필요는 없다.