Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influencing factors of perceived safety culture, nursing work environment, and professional self-concept on patient safety care activities of nurse in small-medium sized hospitals. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was used. Participants were 186 nurses in seven small-medium sized hospitals of a metropolitan city, in Korea. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The influencing factors of the patient safety care activities were perceived patient safety culture and professional self-concept. These two factors explained for 15.1% of the patient safety acre activities. Conclusions: Based on the result of this study, it is necessary to build a good patient safety culture and to develop a positive professional self-concept. The establishment of a positive safety culture should be prioritized to quickly recognized and sensitively accept problems related to patient safety and actively carry out patient safety nursing activity. In order to improve the professional self-concept, it is necessary to increase the social performance for voluntary cooperation and to recognize the self-categorization that the group to which one belongs is distinguished from other groups.

[목적] 본 연구는 장애유아어머니와 장애유아의 정서표현 특성 그리고 장애유아어머니의 부정적 정서에 대한 인식 및 부정적 정서에 대한 반응 특성을 살펴보고, 이러한 장애유아어머니의 정서표현 및 부정적 정서에 대한 반응이 장애유아의 정서표현과 관련이 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. [방법] 연구 참여자는 경기도 지역에 소재하고 통합어린이집에 다니고 있는 만 3세~6세의 장애유아와 그들의 어머니 30쌍으로 총 60명이었다. 장애유아어머니의 정서표현성과 부정적 정서에 대한 인식 및 자녀의 부정적 정서에 대한 어머니의 반응은 어머니의 자기보고식 질문지를 통해 측정하였고, 장애유아의 정서표현은 담임교사에 의해 측정되었다. [결과] 첫째, 장애유아어머니는 부정적 표현보다 긍정적 표현을 더 유의미하게 많이 사용하는 것으로 나타났으며, 장애유아의 긍정적 표현과 부정적 표현은 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 장애유아어머니들은 부정적 정서를 잘 모른다고 응답하였으나, 부정적 정서가 중요하고, 자녀들이 자연스럽게 경험하는 정서라고 인식하고 있었다. 또한 장애유아어머니는 자녀의 부정적 정서에 대하여 비지지적 반응보다 지지적 반응을 더 유의미하게 많이 사용하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 장애유아어머니의 부정적 정서표현은 장애유아의 긍정적 정서표현과 정적상관이 있었고, 부정적 정서표현과는 부적상관이 있었다. 넷째, 장애유아의 부정적 정서에 대한 어머니의 반응에서는 지지적 반응 중 정서중심반응과 감정표현격려반응이 장애유아의 긍정적 정서표현 및 부정적 정서표현과 관련이 있었다. [결론] 장애유아어머니의 정서표현과 부정적 정서에 대한 반응이 장애유아의 정서표현과 관련 있음을 부분적으로 확인하였고, 어머니의 부정적 정서표현이 자녀의 정서표현에 부정적 영향을 줄 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이는 장애유아어머니에게 자녀의 부정적 정서에 대한 바람직한 대처방법을 구체적으로 안내하는 부모교육이 필요함을 시사한다.

[Purpose] This study examined the emotional expressivity of young children with disabilities, their mothers' emotional expressivity, their mothers' the perception of negative emotions, and mothers' reactions to their children's negative emotions. In addition, this study aimed investigate whether the emotional expressions and responses to negative emotions of mothers of disabled children's were related to the emotional expressions of their young disabled children. [Method] There were a total of 60 children, 30 pairs of mothers, and 3 to 6-year-old children with disabilities. The mothers' emotional expressivity, perception of negative emotions, and reactions to their children's negative emotions were measured through the self-report questionnaire completed by the mothers, and the emotional expressivity of young children with disabilities was measured by the teacher. [Results] First, it was found that mothers of young children with disabilities used positive expressions more significantly than negative expressions, and there was no significant difference between positive and negative expressions of young children with disabilities. Second, in terms of negative emotions, mothers of young children with disabilities responded that they did not know much about negative emotions but they recognized that negative emotions were important, and they recognized negative emotions as emotions that their children naturally experience. Also, it was found that mothers of young children with disabilities use supportive responses to their children's negative emotions more significantly than non-supportive responses. Third, the negative emotional expression of mothers had a positive correlation with the positive emotional expression of young children with disabilities and had a negative correlation with negative emotional expression. Fourth, in the supportive responses of the mothers' reactions to the children's negative emotions, the emotion-centered response and the emotional expression encouragement response were related to the positive and negative emotions of young children with disabilities. [Conclusion] It was partially confirmed that the emotional expressivity of mothers of young children with disabilities and the mothers' reactions to the negative emotions of children are related to the emotions of young children with disabilities. Therefore, these results suggest that there is a need for parental education that can guide the use of suitable coping methods for dealing with children's negative emotions.

[목적] 본 연구는 보편적 학습설계(Universal Design for Learning: UDL)를 적용한 국내 중재연구를 분석하여 실제 교실 수업에서 적용하는 데에 도움이 되도록 자료를 제공하는 것에 목적을 두었다. [방법] 첫째, UDL을 적용한 중재연구 15편을 연구의 일반적인 특성을 파악하기 위한 틀에 따라 하위 8가지로 코딩하여 분석하였다. 둘째, 중재연구 15편을 UDL의 지침 요소를 적용한 틀에 따라 하위 9가지로 코딩하여 분석하였다. [결과] 첫째, UDL을 적용한 중재연구의 일반적인 특성을 분석한 결과, 대부분의 연구가 통합교육 배치 환경에서 적용되었으며, 고등학생을 대상으로 이루어진 연구는 제한적임을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 국어, 사회, 과학, 미술, 체육 교과에서 UDL을 적용하여 비교적 다양한 교과에서 관련 연구가 이루어졌다. 지적장애 학생을 대상으로 한 연구 및 실험/통제집단 사전-사후 검사가 가장 많이 발표되었으며, UDL을 적용한 수업이 다양한 학습자들의 학업성취도 및 정의적 영역에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤음을 보고하였다. 둘째, UDL을 적용한 중재의 교수·학습 특성 분석 결과, 3원리의 차원에서는 참여의 원리, 표현의 원리, 표상의 원리 순으로 나타났으며, 9가지 지침의 차원에서는 지속적인 노력과 끈기를 돕는 선택 제공, 흥미를 돋우는 다양한 선택 제공, 언어, 수식, 기호의 다양한 선택 제공, 표현과 의사소통을 위한 다양한 선택 제공 등의 순으로 확인할 수 있었다. [결론] UDL 기반 교수·학습을 중심으로 보다 다양한 교육적 요구를 지닌 학습자들을 위해 교실 수업을 개선할 수 있는 방안 및 시사점을 제언하였다.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to analyze domestic experimental studies applying Universal Design for Learning (UDL), and to provide data for assisting teachers when they use UDL in their classes. [Method] First, a total of 15 intervention studies to which UDL was applied were coded and analyzed into 8 sub-types according to the framework used to understand the general characteristics of the study. Second, 15 intervention studies were analyzed into 9 sub-categories using the framework to which UDL's guidelines were applied. [Results] First, it was found that most of the UDL studies were applied in the inclusive education environment, and that the studies conducted on high school students were limited. In addition, studies were conducted across relatively diverse subjects including Korean language, social studies, science, art, and physical education. Research using experimental/control group pre-post designs and including students with intellectual disability were found the most, and it was seen that UDL-applied classes had positive effects on the academic achievements and affective domains of various learners. Second, from analyzing the teaching and learning characteristics of interventions applying UDL, the principles of participation, expression, and representation were found to be in the order of the three-principle dimension. Regarding the dimension of the nine guidelines, providing options for sustaining effort and persistence, providing options for recruiting interest, providing options for language, mathematical expressions, and symbols, and providing options for expression and communication were found to be in the order. [Conclusion] Focusing on UDL-based teaching and learning, methods and implications for improving classroom instruction are suggested for learners with more diverse educational needs.

Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel alloys for high-speed railway brake discs were prepared to investigate the effect of alloying element contents on the microstructure and mechanical properties. The Cr, Mo, Mn alloying elements were incorporated into the steel alloys, which contained low carbon content in the range 0.16 wt.% ~ 0.21 wt.% to provide sufficient hardenability. The steel alloys were austenitized at 940℃ for 1 hour and quenched, and tempered at 610℃. Microstructural study showed a tempered martensitic microstructure with different sized austenite grains and packets. C-Mo alloy with high Mo content and the smallest prior austenite grain size showed the highest hardness and tensile strength. But, the alloy exhibited lower impact toughness than low Mo content alloys. The lowest tensile strength of the low Mo content Mn-Cr alloy, at room temperature and elevated temperature of 600℃, was 1053.4 MPa and 667.2 MPa, respectively. The grain refinement in the C-Mo alloy was considered to be due to the solute drag effect of the Mo element. The absorbed impact energy increased with tempering temperatures, but the impact energy of the three alloys had lower values than the generally guaranteed impact energy of the currently used disk. The low impact toughness of the Mo containing alloys was attributed to the higher Si content and higher tempered hardness of the alloys. A higher thermal conductivity and lower thermal expansion coefficient were obtained in the high Mo content C-Mo alloy, which had a higher Ac3 transformation temperature.
(Received 30 September, 2021; Accepted 10 January, 2022)

The surface characteristics of a dental implant doped with Si, Mg, Ca, and P ions via plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) were investigated using various experimental instruments. Plasma electrolytic oxidation of the alloy was performed in a solution containing Ca, P, Si, and Mg ions at 280 V for 3 min. The potentiodynamic polarization test of the porous surface was conducted in a 0.9% NaCl solution. The Si and Mg ion-doped HA films exhibited small and large micro-pores with uniform distributions after the PEO treatment. The micro-pores formed on the 5~20Mg/5Si coated samples were smaller than those on the Si and Mg ion-free CaP coated surfaces, as the Mg ion concentration increased. The XRD peaks of Si, Mg, Ca, and P appeared and the Si, Mg, Ca, and P were well distributed on the PEO-treated surface, especially on the top, valley and crest of the screw. The Ca/P ratio decreased as Mg content increased in the electrolyte. The diffraction peak of anatase TiO2 was observed on the Si and Mg ion HA film formed on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The adhesion force of the Si and Mg doped HA films increased with increasing Mg and Si ion concentrations. A passive region due to passive film formation was observed. The HA film surface with Si and Mg ions showed lower Ecorr and higher Icorr compared to the HA film surface without Si and Mg ions. And the Ipp and I300 for 5~20Mg/5Si formed on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy were lower than those of the surface coated with HA without Si and Mg ions.
(Received 11 August 2021; Accepted 27 December 2021)

[목적] 발달장애 학생의 교육을 위해 에듀테크로서 증강현실을 적용하였을 시 효과성, AR 적용을 위한 전제 조건, 효용성 증진을 위한 방안 및 UDL 원리와의 접목 가능성에 대하여 알아본 후 특수교육 현장에서 에듀테크로서의 증강현실의 가능성에 대하여 탐색 후 제시하고자 한다. [방법] 증강현실을 적용한 경험이 있는 특수교사(급) 8인을 대상으로 전화로 심층인터뷰를 실시하였다. [결과] 첫째, 증강현실은 발달장애 학생들의 교수·학습 부분에서 자기주도적 학습 가능, 주의집중 유지, 협력활동 증진이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 학습의 전이가 가능하며, 즉각적 피드백 및 평가 활용에서 용이하다고 하였다. 각 교과와의 연계에 따른 학습 시 학생들의 학습에 도움을 주며, 현장학습 등을 위한 시뮬레이션으로 사용 가능하다고 하였다. 언어교육에서도 어휘 능력, 문장표현능력 증진에 효과적이라고 보았다. 둘째, 선행요건으로 증강현실을 적용할 수 있는 교사의 역량과 학생의 역량이 요구되며, 증강현실이 실현될 수 있는 환경 조성이 필요하다고 보고하였다. 셋째, 증강현실이 UDL의 원칙에 따라 어떻게 적용될 수 있는지를 살펴보았을 시 특수교사(급)은 각 원리에 따라 적용가능한 것으로 인식하고 있었다. 증강현실의 적용성 증진을 위해서는 교사 연수 및 교사가 직접 사용할 수 있는 기회 제공이 필요하다고 보았다. 또한 현장접근성을 높이기 위한 방안으로 사물과 연계할 수 있는 AR 코딩, 제작된 AR 코드를 모아 둔 온라인 자료실 개발 및 에어러블 형태의 스마트 기기 보급 및 교육과정 내용 중심의 AR개발이 필요하다고 보았다. [결론] 특수교사들은 에듀테크로서의 증강현실이 효용성이 있는 것으로 인식하고 있었다. 그러나 이를 적용하기 위해서는 교사 및 학생의 역량이 필요하며, 증강현실의 적용성을 높이기 위한 방안 또한 제시하였다. 증강현실은 UDL의 원리와 연계하여 적용 가능한 것으로 인식하였다.

[Purpose] We aimed to explore and present the possibility of augmented reality as an EduTech after examining the effectiveness of augmented reality is applied for the education for students with developmental disabilities. [Method] In-depth interviews were conducted over the phone with 8 special education teachers who had experience in applying augmented reality. [Results] First, augmented reality was found to be effective in several aspects, such as motivation for students' teaching and learning. Second, it was reported that the ability of teachers and students to apply augmented reality is a requisite and that it is necessary to create an environment in which augmented reality can be realized. Third, When looking at how augmented reality can be applied according to the principles of UDL, special education teachers recognized that it was applicable according to each principle such as representation, action and expression, engagement. To improve the applicability of augmented reality, teacher training and opportunities for teachers to use the technology directly are needed. In addition, it is necessary to develop an AR coding that can be linked to objects, Create a cloud where all AR codes are gathered, and develop an AR based on the content of the curriculum and supply smart devices in the form of wearables. [Conclusion] Special education teachers recognized the utility of augmented reality as EduTech. However, in order to apply the technology, certain competence are required from teachers and studnets. Finally, a plan to increase the applicability of augmented reality is suggested.

In this study, the liquation cracking susceptibility in the heat-affected zone of CM247LC superalloy gas turbine blades during repair welding was quantitatively evaluated using a newly developed pre-weld Varestraint test method. The repair welding geometry was replicated through Varestraint tests for the preweld bead. The liquation cracking susceptibility, that is, the liquation cracking temperature range (LCTR), could be evaluated through temperature visualization at the time of crack formation during the Varestraint test. The LCTR of CM247LC alloy repair welds (heat-affected zone of the second layer weld) was 280 K. Compared to the LCTR of as-cast (620 K) and aged (65 K) CM247LC, metallurgical mechanisms for controlling the LCTR of repair welds were examined based on the microstructural characterization and Scheil's solidification calculations for the pre-weld. The LCTR of the CM247LC alloy repair weld was influenced by the MC carbide fraction and the segregated concentration of trace and impurity elements, such as B and S in pre-weld solidification path. A process design capable of reducing the fraction of MC carbides and solidification segregation of trace impurity elements is required. Based on the experimental and theoretical results, the proposed modified Varestraint testing method for dissimilar welds is expected to analyze the solidification cracking behavior effectively in manufacturing high-soundness CM247LC superalloy welds.
(Received September 28 2021; Accepted November 8, 2021)

The recovery of valuable metals such as cobalt, nickel, and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has attracted much attention. In this study, a hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of high-purity lithium compounds like Li2CO3 and Li3PO4 from dust containing Li, Co, Ni, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Si produced during the smelting reduction of spent LIBs was investigated. The separation of Li over other metals from the dust was achieved by two methods. The first method was to leach metals from the dust with distilled water and then to precipitate the dissolved metal ions from the leaching solution at pH 10. The second one was to mix the dust with solid NaOH, following the dissolution of the mixture with distilled water. Optimum conditions for the second method were a 1:0.17 weight ratio of dust to NaOH, 50 g/L pulp density for 120 min at 22℃. These two methods resulted in a solution containing only Li(I) and Na(I). The precipitation of Li(I) to Li2CO3 from the leaching solution by Na2CO3 with the addition of acetone or ethanol was optimized a 1:0.5 molar ratio of Li(I) to Na2CO3, 6:5 volume ratio of solvent to Li(I) solution for 30 min at 22℃. Under the optimum conditions, the precipitation percentage of Li(I) was higher than 92.0% with above 99.0% purity. Additionally, using Na3PO4, 97.1 % Li(I) was precipitated from the leaching solution to Li3PO4 with 93.1% purity. An optimized process for the recovery of lithium compounds from the dust is proposed.
(Received 25 October, 2021; Accepted 22 December, 2021)

Currently, the need for high performance heaters for industrial application is increasing, and repeated wear, rapid temperature change, and uneven temperature can cause deteriorating quality and reduced productivity. The ceramic heater in this study consists of a substrate, an electrode layer, and a protective layer, and low-melting temperature glass frit was used for all layers to allow low-temperature processing. As a substrate for the ceramic heater, Si3N4, which is twice as strong as AlN and has excellent wear resistance, was used. As the electrode material, Ag-Pd, which provides good adhesion to the Si3N4 substrate and high electrical conductivity was used, and MoO3 powder was mixed 8 : 2 to make a paste. The MoO3 adjusts the resistance of the Ag-Pd electrode, thereby supplementing the heater performance. Si3N4 powder and glass frit were used for the protective film layer that protects the electrode, and MoO3 was added to unify the materials between the layers.
(Received 26 October, 2021; Accepted 6 January, 2022)

Vacuum-processed oxide semiconductors have enabled incredible recent advances in the scientific research of metal oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) and their introduction in commercial displays. Developing metal oxide transistors with low processing temperatures, on the other hand, remains a challenge. Metal oxide transistors are commonly produced at high processing temperatures (over 500°C) and have a high working voltage (30~50 V). Here, we introduce amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) TFTs that show enhanced electrical characteristics, environmental stability, and switching behavior, prepared using ultrasonicated preannealing. Before post-annealing, the ultrasonication treatment was given at 40 kHz for 20 minutes. The improved electrical characteristics of this ultrasonicated a-IGZO TFTs were: 10.78 ㎠/Vs; 1.2×107on/off current ratio. The a-IGZO TFTs with ultrasonicated pre-annealing were also extremely stable under a variety of stresses. For an ultrasonicated a-IGZO TFT, the threshold voltage (Vth) shifted by +0.82 V in a positive bias stress test and -0.30 V in a negative bias stress test. This means that the sonication treatment improves both electrical and surface morphological qualities, while also lowering faults by eliminating contaminants from the a-IGZO channel layer's surface and preventing atomic rearrangement. Furthermore, the dynamic response characteristics were measured according to frequency. A dynamic inverter test was carried out at 1 kHz frequency, with the load resistance of the circuit set to 10 MW and the drain supply voltage set to 5 V (VDD).
(Received 12 November, 2021; Accepted 31 December, 2021)