This article explores two genre characteristics of Greco-Roman biography. The first characteristic is that Greco-Roman biography invites readers to pursue a good life by showing the virtuous life of a protagonist. In order to prove this point, the article investigates three pieces of works of Greco-Roman biography: Isocrates, Evagoras; Nepos, Atticus; Plutarch, Parallel Lives. The second characteristic is that Greco-Roman biography is usually written for general readership rather than specific readership. In order to demonstrate this point, the article studies three pieces of works of Greco-Roman biography: Lucian, Demonax; Tacitus, Agricola; and Xenophon, Agesilaus. These samples of Greco-Roman biography represent different times and places. In terms of times, the samples come from the period between 4th century BCE and 2nd century CE. With regard to places, we have four Greek biographies and two Roman biographies. Various samples from different times and places indicate that these two genre characteristics are universal phenomena that are not limited to certain times and places.
Turning to the Gospels, this article argues that the two genre characteristics are also found in the Gospels. In order to show that these characteristics are widely attested rather than limited to certain Gospels, the article investigates four passages that come from each of the Gospels: Matthew 28:19-20, Mark 8:27-34, Luke 1:1-4, and John 20:30-31. This investigation shows that the Gospel writers invite readers to pursue a good life that is epitomized in the life of Jesus. Further, this invitation is not limited to a specific group of people (ex. “disciples”) but open to a wide range of people (ex. “all nations”). These genre characteristics have many implications for the interpretation of the Gospels. Among many, the question, 'if the life of Jesus invites readers to live a similar kind of life, then what exactly is the life that is to be imitated by readers?' should be answered in the ensuing studies of the Gospels.

Since the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan in 2021, Afghanistan has been under Taliban control. Currently, Afghanistan is experiencing serious economic difficulties and frequent terrorist attacks by various armed groups. It does not achieve the minimum requirements of a nation, “providing basic public services” and “legitimate monopoly of forces.”
The top priority for nation-building is the successful application of the DDR program. The Taliban used to be the target of DDR, but now they are the primary agents of DDR. However, there has been no significant achievement in disarmament as well as in the stage of reintegration, which is the most complicated and sensitive area in making DDR possible. In particular, a number of armed organizations are active in a situation where no government forces with executive power have been created. This vicious cycle makes DDR more difficult because it cannot guarantee safety against disarmament.

After the Arab Spring, are there differences in the effects of factors affecting Arab citizens' perception of democracy?
The purpose of this study is to analyze what factors affect the favorable perception of democracy before and after the Arab Spring. This study used the Arab barometer survey Wave1∼5.
The results show that the higher the socioeconomic status, the more favorable it was to democracy in three waves. In most waves, Arab citizens who value Islamic values less were favorable to democracy. On the other hand, the effect of social capital was found only in some waves. Unlike our expectations, Arab citizens who perceived state corruption as serious were skeptical of democracy in some waves. In addition, the gap in perception between genders has decreased since the Arab Spring and reversed in Wave5, while the gap in perception between generations(excluding Wave5) has grown.
The significance of this study is that it proved the effects of factors influencing the favorable perception of democracy by comparing and analyzing various periods for Arab citizens.