In the Eastern Mediterranean, Jerusalem is a religious, geographical, historical and socio-cultural melting pot.
Religiously, Jerusalem is the cradle of religion containing the holy sites of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Geographically, Jerusalem is a bridge between Mesopotamian and Pharaonic civilizations and historically it was occupied by Persia, Hellenism, Rome, Byzantine, Arab Islam, and Turkic states in turn, and in modern times it was occupied by imperialist powers and after the Middle East war(Arab- Israeli conflict) it is now not a city of any country under international law.
Jerusalem was a special place even for the Muslims who occupied it in the 7th century CE. The early qiblah of Islam was Jerusalem and the space connecting Muhammad and Allah was also Jerusalem. After the Muslims took Jerusalem, they tried to make it an Islamic city and that effort has been going on since the first Muslim occupation of Jerusalem in 637 CE.
Based on the above historical facts, this research intends to analyze the process and efforts to Islamize Jerusalem by Islamic forces.
Using Umar's Assurance, I research the early military occupation process of the Muslim army and the efforts of the Muslim forces for the rule and assimilation of Dhimi in Jerusalem.
Umar's Assurance which the second orthodox Khalifa Umar signed to rule Jerusalem can be an important material for studying Muslims' rule of occupied territories and Islamization.
This research is also a study on the exchange of civilizations that analysis the ways of exchange among the heterogeneous cultural groups of and the ways in which they accept and assimilate different cultures.

The utopia of Pherecrates' Metalles is not somewhere out there, but below, that is, in Hades, the underworld. The peculiarity of this theme and positioning, which is called a 'comedy of the underworld', is an old comedy writer in the 5th century BC who tried to evoke nostalgia for life in the 'good old days'(bios archaios) through Greek mythological elements. It can be seen as a typical characteristic that contains their intentions. Pherecrates wants to recreate in reality the mythical primordial days of the reign of Cronus, called the Golden Age, through fantastic and fairy-tale stories in his works Agrioi, Persai and Metalles. In these works, he introduces the utopian ideal world to Attica's audience by mixing realistic elements or real characters, mythical and divine beings. Pherecrates' works clearly show that the utopian thought of ancient Greece before Plato develops through 'fantasy' in addition to mythological content and historical elements. In short, they contain the comical characteristics of a 'popular utopia', which aims to make the audience forget about realistic oppression and economic difficulties for a moment by experiencing the unreal world through the fantastic description of the ideal world. From this perspective, Greek old comedy as a political poem is a tool for social self-understanding along with tragedy and a satirical self-criticism of the Athenian political community.

To know the basic characteristic of a text, we need to know the genre of the text. The genre of the four Gospels has been disputed since the 18th century. Most scholars in the nineteenth century regarded the four Gospels as biographies. However, scholars who developed form criticism in the twentieth century insisted that the Gospels be 'something peculiar in themselves, sui generis'. In 1992, Burridge challenged this view. Burridge analyzed the forms and contents of ancient biographies and compared them with the four Gospels. He argued that the characteristics of the biographies were also observed in the four Gospels. The study of Burridge has been supported by many scholars.
However, despite the study of Burridge the debate on the genre of the Gospels is not ended. Because, as Burridge claimed, ancient biographies had diverse and floating forms and contents. For example, there were Peripatetic biographies that dealt with the lives of generals and politicians and were written with public performance in mind, Alexandrian's biographies that dealt with the lives of scholars, poets and artists, Encomium type that praised the public achievements of the main characters, Popular-novelistic type that presented the lives of the main characters to the public like a novel. This paper examines whether the Gospels belonged to the ancient biographies and, if they did, which sub-genre they belonged to. The four gospels does not belong to any of the sub-genres presented above.
The four Gospels were similar to the Aretalogy. This is a biography of Divine Man, who has become a man of divine nature. There were no biography of the divine man before the Gospel, but since the second century, the biographies of various philosophers have been written in this form. Thus the Gospel is one of the Aretalogy.