The Mediterranean Sea is an inland sea with a width of 3,800km and a length of 1,800km. Locating in the center of the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily which is the largest island in the Mediterranean served as a stepping stone connecting Europe and Africa.
Because of this geographical location, Sicily is a region that has accumulated all the history and glory of the Mediterranean from ancient times to modern times.
Most of the major powers and empires which historically prospered in the Mediterranean occupied Sicily and left their traces in Sicily.
In this study, the author intends to analyze the complex historical development process and stages of Sicily by applying the concept of strata.
A stratum is a term used in geology and refers to a layer of sedimentary rocks or sediments. The strata are created by deposition by natural forces with the passage of time, and have characteristics that distinguish them from other neighboring strata.
In this study, I would like to apply the characteristics and concepts of this stratum to the historical and cultural studies of Sicily.
History flows constantly and forms numerous historical stages.
The author attempts to grasp each stage of such historical development as a single historical stratum, and to grasp the circumstances and phenomena of each era as a single cultural stratum.
This study is also a study on the exchange of civilizations on the process of accumulating various cultures in a specific region, coexisting with each other, and developing into a new culture.

El árbol de la ciencia of Pío Baroja is a novel published in 1912 and is considered the most outstanding novel among his many works. Baroja himself recalls in his various memoirs that it was created at the height of his intellectual energy and is the most complete novel.
The novel consists of seven parts and the protagonist Andrés Urtado, alter ego of Pío Baroja, graduated from medical school like Baroja. After working as a local doctor for more than two years in the village of Alcolea del Campo, he returns to Madrid. He marries Lulú, whom he had met before, but he loses his wife and baby during childbirth, so he commits suicide in despair. The novel mainly deals with the period from 1987, when the author began studying medicine as a medical student in Madrid, to 1898, when the war with the United States broke out. Many problems that Spain had at the time are bitterly criticized through the protagonist Andrés: faculty members indulged in Spain's poor educational environment, teaching methods and mannerism; All kinds of corruption and illegality in the hospital; local tofu politics (caciquismo) as a deep-rooted evil that exists in the Spanish countryside or small towns; the inhuman life of prostitutes and the prostitution in big cities, pimps and gangsters who exploit them, the public power that protects the exploiters. Because of these contents, it is also considered one of the typical novels representing the Generation of 98. On the other hand, the life of the protagonist Andrés Urtado is so similar to Pío Baroja that many researchers evaluate it as an autobiographical novel. Like the protagonist of the novel, Pío Baroja attended medical school and worked as a local doctor in a rural Spanish village. In addition, one of his brothers died of tuberculosis, and his father's job forced him to travel to various places in Spain.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between Baroja's autobiographical writing and his novel referring the autobiographical texts published intermittently after 1911 and the seven memoirs published after 1944.

Political situation in Lebanon is deteriorating. The lives of ordinary people are collapsing and people's dissatisfaction with the government is on the rise. In particular, after the Beirut explosion that occurred on August 4, 2020, the total resignation of the cabinet and the consequent political vacuum due to the vacancy of the prime minister continued for over a year. In this process, the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah's influence is growing. With an increasing support of people, Hezbollah is gradually expanding its presence in the governmental and political arena.
Considering this situation, this study empirically analyzes the relationship between distrust in government caused by a series of socio-economic disasters and political corruption cases in Lebanon and the increasing public support to Hezbollah. This research sets the variables related to the citizens' perceptions of the current Lebanese government's ability to perform state affairs as independent variables and the political preference of the public for Hezbollah as a dependent variable. On the basis of the variable setting, this paper tries to investigate the association between variables through quantitative analysis.
As a result of the analysis, it is found that distrust in government regarding the political aspect had a positive effect on the public support to Hezbollah. Therefore, it is expected that Hezbollah's political power will gradually expand in the future and continue to play an important role in the public affairs of the country. It is also believed that the Lebanese people, who are skeptical about effectiveness of the governmental functions, are showing their political preference for Hezbollah and trying to overcome the current crisis with the help of the group. Thus, it is important to analyze the expanding political and socio-economic role of Hezbollah when we are trying to forecast the future direction of Lebanese politics.

This paper aims to explain Galen's theory of the soul in the context of medicine and philosophy during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Analyzing various related texts, we will get the following conclusions:
① Galen inherited and developed the neuroanatomy of Herophilus and Erasistratus. While they were interested in basic bodily functions such as nutrition, digestion etc., they didn't answer the question how the soul interacts with the body. Galen, on the contrary, explained in detail the relation between the soul and the body, because he thought that the body and the soul interact mutually. According to Galen, our bodily mixtures and pneuma can change as a result of environment and life style. So it is up to us to manage and maintain our physical and psychological health.
② Although Galen was influenced by Plato's philosophy, he did not accept uncritically Plato's view. Galen accepted only the empirically observable facts that are useful both for medicine and for ethical and political philosophy, while he withheld judgment on metaphysical hypotheses such as the substance of God or the soul. He tried to reinterpret and develop physiologically Plato's tripartite theory of the soul.
③ Gill contends that Galen had better adopt the Stoic unified theory of the soul rather than Plato's tripartite account. According to Gill, outside of De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis, Galen's brain-centered psycho-psysiology is consistent with the Stoic view. But in opposition to Gill's interpretation, Galen's De moribus says that three parts of the soul sometimes collaborate with each other, sometimes conflict with each other. Gallen thinks that pneuma(or neura) is a medium through which the three parts of the soul communicate and cooperate with each other. Therefore, the body and the soul function properly, when the three parts do their own job in harmony with each other.

The existence of 'Berber' has a very special meaning in the region. Even though they are the mainstream of the region, their existence has not received noticeable attention in history. Accordingly, Their cultural identity also has received only little attention. This is because Muslimized locals have been identified as “Arab”. Since the history of Sicily's Islamization was also described or identified as “Arab”, the existence of Berber has not been noticed.
In this study, we examine the origin of 'Couscus', a main food of Berber, and the inflow process into Sicily through Berber. Also, we would like to examine how Berber's food remained in Sicily like other cultural traces. To this end, we need to look at the process of Berber's inflow into Sicily.
Through this study, we can find the existence of 'Berber', a subject that has not been revealed in history. In addition, through this fact, we will learn that the Sicilian Islamization process and the culture were created by more diverse subjects than expected. As a result, through the meaning of Couscous, we can learn that there are various subjects that have not been revealed in Mediterranean civilization.