The 'Qatar Crisis' that had initiated in 2017 was settled on January 5, 2021 with the agreement at the 41st Gulf Summit held in Al-Ula, a city located in northwestern Saudi Arabia. However, the Al-Ula Agreement did not address the causes that triggered the first crisis in 2014 and the second severing of ties in Qatar in 2017. Conflicts between the Gulf countries have only been temporarily sealed, due to the changes in the environment of domestic politics and international relations of related countries.
Most importantly, structural changes were detected among the Gulf countries over the four-and-a-half-year period following the severance of ties against Qatar. the shift began to appear in conventional pattern of the GCC countries that had formed after World War II to strengthen mutual homogeneity and formulate economic and foreign policies based on shared identity. The weakening of the 'Khleeji' identity brought about the rise of nation state identity in the region which will have a major impact not only on GCC integration but also international relations in the Middle East as a whole in the future. Therefore, this study analyzes the structural transformation of the Gulf region caused by the break-up of Qatar by focusing on the aspect of strengthening the Qatari's nation-statism.

A majority of scholars tend to view the successful expansion of Hezbollah's influence in Lebanon as three variables: Iran's support, military capabilities, and the ideological role of Islamism. However, in addition to these variables, this study hypothesizes that Hezbollah's capacity as a social welfare provider, has played a significant role in maintaining and strengthening its influence in the Lebanese politics. In order to test the above hypothesis, this study conducts data mining research to find specific rules or patterns of Al Jazeera English newspaper articles which are collected with the search word, 'Hezbollah.' R-based data mining package Quanteda is used for data mining analysis. In particular, major keywords related to Hezbollah and the relevance of them are explained through co-occurance and topic analyses.

This study conducts an analysis of South Korea's Middle East policy. These foreign policies have been pro-Arab, based on market- and (oil) resource-oriented diplomacy. More specifically, the Park Chung-hee administration's policies in the 1970s became the basis of South Korea's current Middle East policies. However, as a result of the aforementioned mechanical market- and resource-oriented diplomacy, these policies have been unable to properly adapt to the rapidly changing current situation in the region. In this regard, South Korea's Middle East diplomacy requires long-term strategies based on mutual trust, while moving from the simple level of pursuing economic benefits.

The corona pandemic, as well as the shale revolution and responses to climate change, are shaking the global energy landscape. Nevertheless, energy transitions seem to emerge as a cornerstone of energy policy in most countries. Gulf countries, which occupy crucial positions in the energy landscape, are also joining this wave of energy transitions. Focusing on the three major Gulf countries, which are Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar, this study shows their energy industries' current status and energy transitions. Also, the study analyzes the competitiveness of each country's renewable energy sector.
The UAE presents outstanding competitiveness in the renewable energy sector. Saudi Arabia also seems to make considerable efforts for energy transitions and renewable energy deployment expansion. Both countries will provide Korea with a number of opportunities for cooperation in energy transition and renewable energy such as solar and hydrogen. Meanwhile, Qatar does not appear to have a firm intention to transform itself from its natural gas-oriented economic structure, and the results drew a lower level of competitiveness in its renewable energy sector than the two neighbors. Thus, Korea will need to keep focusing on natural gas infrastructure projects, including shipbuilding, as well as LNG import.

The peace process between Israel/Arab countries and Palestinians, which began in the late 1970s, is not designed to achieve regional peace. The U.S.-led peace process was a continuous process of recognizing the Israeli control of the war-torn Palestinian land in 1967. Israel is implementing the racist policies that formalize the control of Palestinian land with the signing of a series of peace treaties but deprive Palestinian rights to the land.
For more than 40 years from September 1978 to September 2020, peace treaties were signed between Israel and Arab countries. These treaties are about the territorial sovereignty and the trade issues between Israel and Arab countries, but the Palestinian sovereignty issue is not specified. In fact, these treaties clearly demonstrate rejectionism of Palestinians living on the land, granting Israeli rights to the land. The basic structure of these treaties was created in the 1978 treaty and has been maintained to date in 2020.
This paper explores its core objectives and their impact on Palestinians as analyzing the Israeli/Arab peace treaties from the late 1970s to 2020.

This study is an exploratory study on how the identity of the 3rd and 4th generations of Turkey in Germany affects cultural adaptation of the country of residence. The researcher assumes that it is essential to understand characteristic aspects of the communicative interaction with the country of residence between their identity and cultural adaptation. In order to prove the assumption and fuifill the research purposes, we gathered survey data and used statistical analytic methods. Through the analysis, we found that first, the higher the religious identity, the more difficult it is to adapt to German society. One of the main reasons was the low interactive uses of social media with German society, Second, It was also found that there are distinct differences in religious identity and interaction on social media in dependence on the type of cultural adaptation. In other words, the religious identity is the powerful factor affecting the degree of cultural adaptation in the country of residence for the immigrant groups. In particular, the least adaptive group is the most religious while the Turkey community members who used social media actively tend to be most culturally adaptive as well as integrated groups. Third, in addition to religious identity and communicative interaction on the German social media, social and economic identities such as gender, age, economic, the number of visit to Turkey, and Turkish ability also affected the degree of cultural adaptation. In other words, the findings suggest that it might be difficult to adapt to German society for those who are younger female students with higher number of visits to Turkey.

In this paper we tried to suggest an efficient and effective way for learning Persian letters and phonemes by reviewing the description of the letter he(ه), which is the representative example that does not show one-to-one correspondence with its phonemes. In the various textbooks reviewed, the explanation of the phonetic value for he(ه) merely describes a superficial phenomenon and the explanation varies textbook by textbook.
This paper proved that he(ه) in Persian is a consonant where ever it is located and that the phonetic value /h/ of the consonant can be deleted in a specific environment, by taking /h/ deletion phenomenon which is a cross-linguistic phenomenon and several other linguistic evidences. The suggested environment is that the he(ه) at the word-end position after the preceding /e/ sound. The environment presented is not an absolute phonological rule, and although some exceptions exist, this rule is the most optimal one. Providing one rule derived from a lot of data and a small number of exceptions could be used as an optimal way to help adult learners to learn Persian letters and their phonemes.

In this paper, the concepts and main types of metaverse, a form of 3D virtual reality made up of a compound word for "universe "meaning the real world and the Greek "meta" meaning virtual are, examined. The main types of metaverse can be divided into 1) augmented reality, 2) virtual reality, 3) mirror world, 4) and lifelogging. Metaverse platforms include Roblox, Zepeto, Ifland, and Gather town. In this study, the possibility of educational linkage was investigated specifically whether these metaverse platforms are useful for language education. In addition, among the types of metaverse, the virtual reality(VR) Cospaces Edu program, which can induce high learning satisfaction due to a sense of immersion, was introduced into Arabic language, interpretation and translation training to operate a pilot class. In the pilot class, the problems that arose were reviewed. Also, as a part of interdisplinary research, a VR-based Arabic language education system design using the metaverse was presented based on the latest case of the study of the virtual reality language learning systems, which is the main type of metaverse. It is possible to convert speech-to-text(STT) and text-to -speech(TTS) in real time, these features can be used to determine whether a learner can properly produce real-time speech language and text according to a specific learning scenario or situation.

This article sheds light on the Arab Spring reproduced in 'Alā' al- 'Aswānī's The Republic of False Truth published in Beirut in 2018. First of all, we look at the aspects of the Egyptian revolution and see how the characters change and their voices are recorded through the revolution. In particular, it deals with state violence inflicted on important characters. The Republic of False Truth uses multiple perspectives combined with first and third person perspectives. It also functions like a documentary by incorporating testimonies from some real people. This novel focuses on Tahrir Square. In the novel, Tahrir Square is recognized as a narrative that acquires freedom and justice beyond the meaning of a physical square. It also deals in detail with the involvement of religious people in the national violence and its infrastructure created by Muslim societies under Mubarak's dictatorship. The protagonist 'Asmā' leaves Egypt after being tortured by soldiers. She was a conscious Muslim woman, but she abandoned her 'ideality' after the torture. 'Asmā' asks her colleague and lover Māzin to leave Egypt and go somewhere where human dignity can be guaranteed. For 'Asmā', Egypt is no longer a place worth transforming. Al-'Aswānī demonstrates that the perception of victims of state violence changes, and this issue extends to political asylum and migration issues. This article, which analyzed The Republic of False Truth, is meaningful in that it shows what the Arab Spring is currently in and induces wide interest in the Arab Spring in Korea.

This study is the third of a three-year research project under the title of “Study on the Images of Minorities in Persian Literature”. The minorities are classified into three categories: religious minority, ethnic minority and gender minority. Gender identity and the human rights of LGBT people are emerging as major issues in modern society, and in this context, gender minority is also included as one of three categories because LGBT is also a minority group in a strict sense.
In Iran, despite the strict prohibition of Islamic law, homosexuality has historically been prevalent, sometimes overtly. It is difficult to know when homosexuality began to appear in Iran. It is possible to speculate that homosexuality must have existed from an early age due to human sexual nature and social environment. However, there are very few records of homosexuality in pre-Islamic literary sources. Ironically, since the Islamic era, when homosexuality was a felony, homosexual expressions appeared abundantly in classical Persian poetry.
The Quran strictly warns against homosexuality and the Islamic law also severely has punished homosexuals. Nevertheless, from around the 10th century, the practice of homosexuality seems to have spread widely in Iranian society and homosexuality has become an object of overt expression in Persian poetry. In particular, most of poets' lovers in ghazal were men. Some scholars regard this as a metaphor based on Sufism and claim that the object of love is God.