The present study investigated into the efficacy of Stellaria aquatica L. methanol extract (SAME) on melanin production and photoprotection in B16F10 cells irradiated with or without UVA and elucidated the associated molecular and cellular mechanisms. The melanin content of B16F10 cells treated with 25 μg/mL of SAME and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) was found to increase by 18.0% and 37.2%, respectively. On the other hand, tyrosinase activities of B16F10 cells treated with 1,000 μg/mL of SAME and IBMX increased by 35.2% and 27.8%, respectively. Additionally, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in B16F10 cells irradiated with 5 mJ/㎠ UVA increased by 66.1% (p<0.001). By contrast, when 5 mJ/㎠ UVA-irradiated B16F10 cells were treated with 25 μg/ mL SAME and IBMX the ROS production decreased by 10.8% (p<0.001) and 10.4% (p<0.001), respectively. Taken together, the melanin production-promoting and photoprotective efficacy of SAME in B16F10 cells appeared to be mediated through an increase in tyrosinase activity and a decrease in ROS production in these cells.

In this study, we tested the anti-inflammatory effects of broccoli leaf ethyl acetate fraction on functional materials. Specifically, the effects of broccoli leaf ethyl acetate fraction on the LPS-stimulated production of inflammatory cytokines and mediators in RAW264.7 cells were studied. The protein expression of iNOS and COX-2, phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, p38 and NF-κB with broccoli leaf ethyl acetate fraction were assayed on LPS- stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The broccoli leaf ethyl acetate fraction inhibited the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-1β and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2. Also, the broccoli leaf ethyl acetate fraction reduced the phosphorylation of MAPKs and NF-κB. Theses results indicated that broccoli leaf ethyl acetate fraction have an anti-inflammatory effects.

In the current study, peel extract from Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka (C. junos) was characterized and its antioxidant efficiency was investigated. The main constituent of the C. junos peel extract was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that two types of flavonoid, viz. hesperidin and naringin, were mainly contained in the C. junos peel extract. To evaluate the antioxidant effect of C.Junos peel extract, we quantitatively analyzed the content of total polyphenol (8.05±1.05 mgGAE/g) and total flavonoid (0.93±0.87 mgQE/g) in the peel extract. Results confirmed that the extract had the scavenging ability of both DPPH (10.57±0.75 g/L) and ABTS (1.82±0.11g/L) radicals. These results showed that the C. junos peel extract is a natural antioxidant and can be used to synthesize novel beauty products and cosmetic materials.

In recent days, there is a growing attention toward well-being, health, and functional cosmetics. In this regard, the Jeju lava seawater and red ginseng have been widely applied as food and cosmetic in many industrial products. In the current research, a mixture of Jeju lava seawater and red ginseng extract has been confirmed to have an appropriate concentration for processing RAW264.7, HaCaT and THP-1 cells, 0.625% for RAW264.7, 3.125% for HaCaT. For THP-1 cell, the mixed sample at the concentration of less than 10% did not affect the cell viability. When the test was conducted based on this, the mixture of Jeju lava seawater and red ginseng extract significantly inhibited the expression of NO increase by LPS, and IL-8 increase by TNF-α and UVA. IL-8, IL-6 induced by UVB also showed significant inhibitory efficacy in a concentration-dependent manner. The result of suppression of the expressions of CD54 and CD86 cell surface proteins involved in the stimulation response in immune cells induced by stimulation with the chemical sensitizer DNCB, which is the cause of the immune response, suggest that the mixed sample is effective in anti-stimulation. This result shows that the mixture of Jeju lava seawater and red ginseng extract is a potential substance for skin inflammation relief and anti-irritation.

The current study aimed to investigate the anti-wrinkle and hypopigmentation efficacies of Daphne kiusiana methanol extract (DKME) in a cell-free system. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of DKME were 275.3 TAE (tannic acid equivalent) mg/g and 230.8 RE (rutin equivalent) mg/g, respectively. At concentration of 1,000 μg/mL, the electron-donating ability of DKME was 94.4% with SC50 (50% scavenging concentration for free radical) of 69.5 μg/ mL. The IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) of collagenase activity for DKME and ascorbic acid were 631.0 μg/mL and 448.3 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 of elastase activity for DKME and ascorbic acid were 595.1 μg/mL and over 1,000 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 of mushroom tyrosinase activity for DKME and arbutin were 97.1 μg/mL and 175.3 μg/mL, respectively. These results indicate that DKME has high antioxidant capacity and excellent anti-wrinkle and hypopigmentation efficacies which are similar to or even superior to ascorbic acid or arbutin in a cell-free system.

The purpose of current study is to investigate the swelling behavior and swelling mechanism of white hair under different experimental conditions. Medullary index from swelled hair was also evaluated under various conditions, such as pH of aqueous solution and kinds of surfactants. To understand the swelling behavior, the swelling mechanism under various conditions has also been proposed in this report. The swelling capacity was found to increase significantly with increase in aqueous pH value. As the pH increased, the negative charged surface of hair predominated, resulting in increase in the repulsion of cuticle scales, which in turn increased swelling significantly. With surfactants, the largest swelling was found for anionic surfactant, sodium lauryl surfactant (SLS). The cationic surfactant, cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) showed better swelling behavior than the nonionics, such as decyl glucoside and saponin. The medullary index showed a lower value with ionic surfactants than that with the nonionic ones. This means the electric double layer of CTAC may affect the total swelling of the hair, but does not destroy the inner crystalline structure of the cortex. The addition of saponin to SLS showed smaller swelling than the SLS alone. We suggest the interactions between sulfate ions of SLS and hydroxyl groups of saponin might be the cause of the reduced swelling. The process of swelling behavior requires further investigation of medullary index for practical application.

The present study aimed to examine the antioxidant activity and cytotoxities of cosmetic material development mixture extracts (C. chinensis, P. amurense, H. cordata, S. glabrae and L. bicolor) with different extraction mixing ratios (ME1, 1:1:1:1:1; ME2, 1:1:2:1:1; ME3, 1:1:4:1:2; ME4, 1:1:6:1:2). The results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity was the highest, and 19.24% for the ME4 at 1,000 ㎍/mL. In the measurement of the radical scavenging of ABTS and DPPH, ME3 showed the highest scavenging rates of 97.34% and 99.81%, respectively, at a concentration of 1,000 ㎍/mL. The collagenase and elastase inhibition abilities of ME3 and ME2 mixtures were found to be 47.09% and 17.19% at 1,000 ㎍/mL, and at concentration of 1,000 ㎍/mL, tyrosinase showed the highest inhibition activities 57.3% in ME3. Furthermore, cytotoxicity test of the extract mixture on RAW264.7 macrophages and HaCaT keratinocytes was conducted using the MTT assay. The RAW264.7 macrophages and HaCaT keratinocytes cell toxicity revealed that cell survival did not reduce at 25-100 ㎍/mL concentration. The inhibition of NO production of 5 medicinal herbs mixture decreased by about 13%-15% in the treatment of 100 ㎍ /mL. These results indicated that both ME3 and ME4 have excellent anti-aging and antioxidant activity. Therefore, it can be concluded that ME3 and ME4 with 5 medicinal herbs mixture have the potential to be used as functional ingredient for beauty food and skin health.

Management of physical appearance has been recognized to influence psychological satisfaction and happiness both directly and indirectly by enhancing the quality of life of middle-aged women. The present study aimed to determine whether there is any need for development of beauty programs for middle-aged women. To this end, the effect of the middle-aged women's perception of facial skin aging on their health-promoting behaviors was investigated. A survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire distributed via both off-line and on-line to female adults aged between 40 and 59 years and living in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do in 2020. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Frequency, reliability and validity, and correlation were determined to identify the relationship between the variables. The results obtained are as follows. Based on the perception of facial skin aging, the respondents had a high awareness on aging-related factors, including smoking, decline of female hormones and excessive diet. Most middle-aged women had a high level of perception of facial skin aging. In the analysis of the correlation of the middle-aged women's perception on facial skin aging with health-promoting behaviors, the preception of facial skin aging had a significantly positive correlation with health-promoting behaviors.
Furthermore, the perception of face aging was found to be positively correlated with the sub-scales of health- promoting behaviors, such as self-realization, health responsibility, exercise, nutrition, interpersonal relationships, stress management, and proactive self-management. Since the importance of the middle-aged women's roles have been underscored more than ever in today's rapidly changing society, a wide variety of efforts need to be exerted to develop anti-aging programs and related educational programs so that the middle-aged women can serve their roles by maintaining a healthier and happier life.

The present research aimed to use the Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator (MBTI) to evaluate educational satisfaction and career awareness of college students majoring in cosmetology. To this end, a questionnaire survey was performed among the students from 4-year colleges. A total of 253 copies were collected for final analysis. The collected data were studied via frequency analysis, cross-tabulation analysis, one-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis, and the results found are as following. First, for personality type by preferred indicator, 'extraversion (E)'was the highest, followed by 'sensing (S)', 'feeling (F)'and 'judgment (J)'. For personality type by function, 'SF' was the highest, followed by 'ST', 'NF' and 'NT'. By contrast, for personality type by temperament, 'SJ' was the highest, followed by 'SP', 'NF' and 'NT'. When asked about MBTI personality type, 'ESTJ' was the most responded one, followed by 'ISFJ', 'ISTJ' and 'ESFJ'. Second, educational satisfaction by personality type was high in 'E', 'intuition (N)'and 'perceiving (P)'while no difference was found in 'thinking (T)' and 'F'. For personality type by function/temperament, education, the educational satisfaction was mostly high in 'NT'. For educational satisfaction by MBTI personality type, 'ENTJ' was the highest, followed by 'ENFP', 'INTP' and 'INFJ'. Third, career awareness was high in 'E' and 'N', while no difference was observed in 'T', 'F', 'J' and 'P'. For personality type by function, career awareness was high in 'NT' and 'NF'. For personality type by temperament, career awareness was high in 'NT'. For career awareness by MBTI personality type, 'ENTJ' was the highest, followed by 'ENTP' and 'INFJ'. Fourth, as the respondents were more satisfied with education, their career awareness was also higher. It is anticipated that the study results would enhance students' career awareness and be available as basic data for career development and counseling through diverse approaches according to their personality type.

This study was conducted on 223 adult college learners majoring in beauty in Seoul and Kyeonggi-do, and SPSS v. 21.0 was used for data analysis. The purpose of the study is to identify how quality of online classes affect learning flow and learning satisfaction. The results are as follows. First, the results of hypothesis testing of the positive (+) effect of on-line lecture quality on learning immersion are as follows. It was found that learning content and learning performance, which are sub-factors of on-line lecture quality, had an important positive(+) effect on academic achievement and interest convenience. Second, the results of testing the hypothesis that on-line lecture quality has a significant positive(+) effect on learning satisfaction are as follows. It was found that learning contents and learning outcomes, which are sub-factors of learning satisfaction, have an important positive(+) effect on the learning environment and learning motivation. Third, the results of examining whether learning immersion has a significant positive(+) effect on learning satisfaction are as follows. It was found that academic achievement and interest convenience, which are sub-factors of learning immersion, had an important positive(+) effect on the learning environment and learning motivation. The results of the study are as follows. Adult learners who both work and study take traditional lectures with restrictions of time and space. However, in case of online classes, they are able to concentrate on their studies by themselves without any restrictions of time, space and other people. In addition, they could repeat lectures and take control of how to take classes, subsequently leading to natural learning flow and high learning satisfaction.