The aim of the current study was to investigate the antioxidant ability of Stellaria aquatica L. methanol extract (SAME) and its photoprotection efficacy of B16F10 cells irradiated with UVA. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in SAME were estimated to be 284.4 TAE mg/g and 210.5 RE mg/g, respectively. At 1,000 μg/mL, the electron-donating ability of SAME was found to be 58.0% and its SC50 for free radical scavenging was 748.2 μg/ mL. The viabilities of B16F10 cells treated with SAME at 25 and 50 μg/mL were 87.7% and 73.1%, respectively. On the other hand, the viabilities of B16F10 cells treated with IBMX at 25 and 50 μg/mL were 81.3% and 76.1%, respectively. The maximum permissible levels for treating the B16F10 cells with SAME and IBMX were calculated to be 25 μg/mL. Irradiation with 5 and 10 mJ/㎠ UVA decreased the viabilities of the B16F10 cells by 21.6% and 25.1%, respectively, which, however, increased viabilities by 13.0% (p < 0.001) and 11.5% (p < 0.001), respectively on treatment with 25 μg/mL SAME. On the other hand, when 5 and 10 mJ/㎠ UVA-irradiated B16F10 cells was treated with 25 μg/mL IBMX, the viabilities increased by 8.7% (p < 0.05) and 4.7% (p < 0.01), respectively. These results suggest that SAME can be used as a natural cosmetic ingredient for photoprotection of melanocytes from UVA irradiation.

In the present study, microstructural changes in gray and black-brown hairs before and after permanent hair dyeing were examined using a light microscopy (LM), edge three-dimensional (3D) digital microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The LM and edge 3D digital microscopy revealed the existence of medulla in the center of the hair, both before and after dyeing. The SEM revealed that the surface of black-brown and gray hair was smooth with well-arranged scales. Moreover, parts of some cuticle cells that were exposed to the external environment were found to be separated from their adjacent cuticle cells, forming a gap between them. The surfaces of the black-brown and gray hairs were found to become much rougher after dyeing than those before dyeing. The edges of the cuticle cells were sharp and irregular and some of the edges were even missing, revealing endocuticles attached to the underlying cuticle cells. Under high magnification, the cuticle cells were observed to be cracked or broken and detached from the underlying cuticle cells.

The present study compared and analyzed the inorganic elements present in brownish low-priced and expensive ink products that are often used in semi-permanent makeup. Semi-permanent makeup refers to injecting a long-lasting pigment below the skin's epidermal layer such as eyebrows, eyelashes, and lips for cosmetic purposes. Iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti) elements were detected in expensive semi-permanent cosmetic ink products. Iron oxide added to the expensive ink was observed to be homogeneously distributed having the shape of rod and cube. In the low-cost ink products, the inorganic substances found were iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl) and sodium (Na) elements. Rod- and cubic-shaped iron oxides were easily identified in the inexpensive ink pigment. In the low-cost inks, in addition to these pigments, lump-shaped substances were also detected.

In the present work, Boryeong mud pack was applied to the skin of the elderly and changes in pores, wrinkles, oil, pigmentation, moisture, and elasticity were studied using a non-invasive skin diagnosis system. After applying the mud pack to the experimental group, increase in pore size, oil content, and moisture content was expected to activate the skin and promote blood circulation. In addition, it was confirmed that the depth of wrinkles and pigmentation also changed and skin elasticity increased. Therefore, from this study, it can be concluded that skin care using mud ingredients can effectively remove keratinized cells from elderly skin, and help maintain healthy skin by increasing skin elasticity and moisturizing rate.

Bamboo is a useful plant resource for mankind. Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen (BCL) is one of the processed products of bamboo, and is made by refining the sap of bamboo through heating. Although various uses of bamboo have been known, clinical study of moisturizing effect has never been conducted. In the present study, the clinical trial was conducted in accordance with the clinical trial regulations of the KFDA. Skin safety test results were determined to be non-stimulation without any irritation. Clinical trials were conducted on a non-treated group, control group, and test group, and significant results were obtained. The amount of moisture present on the skin was measured using corneometer. The measurement time was at 0 h, 0.5 h, 3 h, 6 h. The moisturizing effect significantly increased by 155% at 0.5 h compared to the non-treated group (p<0.001). Meanwhile, at 6 h, the gap between the two test groups reduced. This study is characterized by the clinical study using raw materials without making formulations. The test results were also confirmed as dose-dependent results. Based on the results of this clinical study, it is hoped that the raw materials can be used in various cosmetic formulations.

Elaeagnus multiflora, commonly called cherry silver berry, is used as a medicinal material in China and Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-aging properties of the fruit extract of E. multiflora using different solvents, such as hot water extract (HWE), butylene glycol with water and ethanol extract (BGE), and propylene glycol with water and ethanol extract (PGE). In the measurement of the radical scavenging of 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), PGE showed the highest scavenging rates of 84.27% and 95.30%, respectively at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. The SOD-like activity was the highest, 39.98%, in HWE at 2.0 mg/mL, xanthine oxidase inhibition showed 44.98% in HWE. In the analysis of anti-aging effect at 2.0 mg/mL, collagenase and elastase showed the highest inhibition activities, viz. 37.83% and 19.78% in HWE, respectively. In the astringent effect analysis, HWE showed about 90% activity at a concentration of 5.0 mg/mL and about 50% at 25 mg/mL. Tyrosinase inhibition activity for whitening effect was the highest (44.24%) in PGE, followed by HWE, 40.07% at 2.0 mg/mL. Results revealed that PGE had excellent antioxidant activity and HWE showed better anti-inflammatory, anti-aging and astringent effects than BGE and PGE. Therefore, E. multiflora fruits seems to be a natural resource that can be used as a cosmetic material.

The objective of this study was to investigate the biological activities of 70% ethanol extracts from Cynara scolymus L. (CSEE). The total polyphenol content of CSEE were found to be 158.5 mg tannic acid/100 g dry weight of CSEE. To confirm the antioxidant effect, electron donating ability and ABTS radical scavenging effect were measured. As a result, the extent of electron donating and ABTS radical scavenging effect on CSEE increased in a dose-dependent manner. The tyrosinase inhibitory effect of CSEE, which is related to skin-whitening, was observed to be 36.25% at a concentration of 1,000 μg/mL. Furthermore, MTT assay was performed to confirm the cell viability in RAW264.7 and B16F10 cell lines. In both RAW 264.7 cell and B16F10 cells, the cell viability was observed more than 95% at 100 μg/mL in all extracts. The anti-inflammatory effect of CSEE on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells was also investigated. The CSEE significantly suppressed NO production in a concentration-dependent manner. In order to measure the whitening effect on CSEE, the expressions of proteins related to whitening, such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factors, tyrosinase-related proteins-1 were observed using western blot. In the section treated with the extracts, it was confirmed that the protein expression decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, CSEE was verified to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and whitening effects, and it was confirmed that it is a potential natural cosmetic material.

This study aimed to provide basic data for the tasks and improved management of skills test in the nation as well as preparation for international contests by analyzing the tasks and management methods of international contests in the category of hair design for the last ten years. As for methodology, the investigator used photographs taken by herself, materials of the contests she managed, and other related literature as she worked as a judge at international contests in 2005~2021. There were many changes to hair design at international contests for the last ten years. At the root of these changes was an idea that a contest was an extension of the industrial field instead of ending as a mere contest. Some of the biggest changes include the followings: first, there was a shift in creative tendencies from rather shocking and difficult works targeting a competition to commercial works applicable to daily life; secondly, all the tasks were implemented on a mannequin in the past. Today, some tasks are performed on live models to highlight greater demand for practical abilities; and finally, the judging committee tries to earn public confidence in its reviews by ensuring ongoing information exchanges among the judges at its devoted website and conducting their own tests. Changes to international contests have connections to skills contest in the nation. Based on the findings of the study, future skills contests will hopefully facilitate their vitalization further by improving tasks to reflect industrial needs, expanding the participation of contestants and industrial practitioners, and organizing an NCS-based education and training course.

Typically, hair dressers undergo a lot of mental stress while dealing with customers, and along with that, amid this Covid-19 crisis, the beauty service industry is experiencing a variety of bad events and failures. Recently, resilience is in the limelight as a variable that can reduce the negative effects of stressful situations. In this regard, the present study aimed to identify the effects of resilience on organizational citizenship behavior and emotional commitment of hair shop workers. In the study, SPSS WIN. 21.0 program was used for frequency analysis, factor analysis, Cronbach's coefficient alpha calculation, descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis of the data collected via survey among 657 hair shop workers. The results are summarized as follows. First, the sub-factors of resilience, namely self-efficacy, active challenge, impulse control, and cause analysis were found to have a positive effect on their organizational citizenship behavior. Second, all the sub-factors of their resilience, viz. cause analysis, self-efficacy, impulse control, active challenge, and empathic ability showed a positive effect on their emotional commitment. Consequently, they will have to improve their resilience, i.e. the ability to quickly recover and flexibly respond to stressful situations prior to increasing their emotional commitment to the organization and encouraging their voluntary actions to achieve their goals.

The best feature of the beauty service industry is that it provides human service which is an important service sector. Typically, this industry is heavily dependent on its workers, and therefore, effective management is important for employee handling and remain competitive even if there are certain changes in the industry. The present study aimed to identify the effects of the working conditions of beauty industry workers on their organizational commitment and prosocial behavior intention. To this end, a survey was carried out among skin care specialists and hairdressers from Feb. 29, 2020 to Jan. 30, 2021. A total of 405 questionnaires were used as final analysis data. The results obtained are as follows. First, with increase in their satisfaction level with sub-factors of working conditions―colleague relation, wage, working environment― their organizational commitment also increased. Second, their increased satisfaction on the sub-factors of working conditions―colleague relation, wage, working environment―also increased their prosocial behavior intention. Third, their prosocial behavior intention increased along with their organizational commitment. Consequently, beauty industry workers should try to find out how much their working conditions meet their desire to realize their increased organizational commitment, and to increase their prosocial behavior how close is their encounter with the customers. In addition, they should increase their positive behavior and organizational commitment that equates with a goal and affection for their shops in the beauty industry where human resources are important.