The current study aimed to investigate the antioxidant capacity and anti-wrinkle efficacy of Rhamnus davurica methanol extract (RDME) in a cell-free system. The amount of total polyphenols and flavonoids in RDME were 348.5 TAE mg/g and 234.1 RE mg/g, respectively. At concentration of 1,000 μg/mL, the electron-donating ability of RDME was found to be 89.8% with an SC50 of 194.9 μg/mL. Moreover, the collagenase and elastase inhibiting activities of RDME at 1,000 μg/mL were 73.3% and 70.1%, respectively. The IC50 values of RDME for collagenase and elastase activities were calculated to be 309.0 μg/mL and 324.3 μg/mL, respectively, which were superior to those of the positive control ascorbic acid (AA) (360.3 μg/mL and over 1,000 μg/mL, respectively). As determined from MTT assay, the maximum permissible level for treating RDME to human dermal fibroblasts was 100 μg/mL.

The present study investigated the perspiration fastness of cellulose make-up powder using grape polyphenol and mordants. The grape polyphenol was obtained from grape skin, FT-IR spectroscopy showed that grape polyphenol comprises aromatic and phenolic OH groups. The cosmetic cellulose powder was modified with grape polyphenol and metal ions (mordants) to produce different make-up powders. Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Zn ions were chosen as mordants because these are the major metal cations. The cellulose make-up powders were prepared using the above-mentioned metal cations via simultaneous mordanting process. Results showed that the grape polyphenol could be linked to the cellulose powder via coordination bonds with the metal cationic mordants. The type of mordants was also found to affect the CIE L*a*b* and color depth of the powder. The color difference ΔE values increased as follows: Ca < Zn < Mg < Al < Cu < Fe ions. The perspiration fastness level was higher for Ca, Mg, and Zn. For acid perspiration, the Ca ion showed the highest fastness. The fastness order was Ca > Zn > Mg > Al > Cu > Fe ions. For alkaline perspiration, the Mg ion showed the highest fastness. The fastness order was found to be Mg > Zn > Ca > Al > Cu > Fe ions. To conclude, it is believed that the cellulose coordinated with various mordant ions and grape polyphenol could be a cosmetic make-up powder.

LED and UV nail lamps emit UV wavelengths and work in the same way. Exposure to UV radiation can cause damage to the skin and tissues surrounding the nail. However, no comparative in vitro studies have been performed to-date determine the cytotoxic dose of UVA and UVB for keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and nail matrix cells. In the current study, we investigated the effects of UVA and UVB irradiation on human nail matrix cell, HS68, and HaCaT. To determine the cytotoxic dose of UV light (UVL), we irradiated cultured human nail matrix cell (WKUH-2020- 10-004), HS68, and HaCaT with ultraviolet light in the range of 0-20 J/cm² for UVA and 0-400 mJ/cm² for UVB. The required UVL was supplied by the Waldmann UV109 model which delivered uniform irradiation at a distance of 2 cm. The viability of UV-treated cells was assessed via MTT-assay. Results indicated that the cell viability rate of UVA-treated nail matrix cells was 90% for various doses. The viability of the nail matrix cells irradiated with 400 mJ/cm² UVB was 63% compared to the non-irradiated cells. The viability rate of HS68 cells after irradiation with UVA and UVB for all doses was more than 80% compared to the control. For a dose of 20 J/cm² UVA, we observed a 54% cell viability. When irradiated with 100 mJ/cm² UVB, the HaCaT cells exhibited 29% cell viability. Finally, in conclusion it can be said that UVB has a more harmful effect on cell viability than UVA. In addition, UVB has the most harmful effects on the HaCaT cells compared to the nail matrix and HS68 cells. Based on this, further research is needed on the effect of nail lamp wavelengths on the nail apparatus.

The fact that the skin and scalp are always exposed to external environment makes them easily susceptible to inflammatory problem caused by various chemicals or physical stimuli. In this context, the current study examined how Boswellia affects the hair cycle of inflammatory skin or scalp caused by DNCB (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene) in mice. For the study, 5 week-old male Balb/c mice were selected and DNCB was used to cause contact dermatitis in the mice's skin at the back. Next, Boswellia was administered and all visual changes in the skin were followed. Furthermore, histological analysis and transcription through hematoxylin & eosin dyeing method were done to understand Boswell's mechanism of action toward atopic dermatitis. The symptoms of dermatitis visually appeared to be significantly improved on Boswellia administration. Histological analysis showed the keratin layer in the DNCB-B group and the shape of a hair follicle as round. Analysis of transcriptionome revealed an increase in gene Gprc5d, Msx2, Ptch2, Wnt10b, Dsg4, Kratap4-16, Hc16, Apcdox and S21 mR in the DNCB-B group compared to the positive control DNCB group. In conclusion, Boswellia administration was found to help improve the symptoms of DNCB dermatitis, and the changes in hair-related gene expression might improve the hair cycle or growth impediments caused by dermatitis.

The current study aimed to explore curriculum satisfaction and search for improvement measures among female college students with cosmetology-related majors. An in-depth investigation was conducted on the impact of school life satisfaction on career decision-making efficacy. The study involved understanding of a variety of values and analysis of the effect of school life satisfaction on career decision-making efficacy. A survey was conducted among 461 female college students located in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Incheon and Chungcheong-do. Frequency analysis was performed to examine the demographic characteristics. In addition, an exploratory factor analysis and a correlation analysis were also done. The study findings are as follows. First, the overall school-life satisfaction was relatively higher in 2- or 4-year colleges compared to online colleges by school type. According to sub-categories, student satisfaction was higher in curriculum courses, professors, physical environment, and outcome quality. Second, satisfaction on professors, curriculum courses, outcome quality, physical environment, and peer relationship were found to be the critical sub-categories of school-life satisfaction in future career planning of the female college students with cosmetology-related majors. The present study found out that school-life satisfaction was an important factor that influenced career decision=making efficacy, which included goal setting, career information, problem resolution, and future planning in female college students with cosmetology-related majors. The study is meaningful in the context that the results are expected to be used as a reference base for making rational decisions by female college students with beauty-related majors. Further studies are obviously required and the present research can serve as a resource in the advancement of beauty industry.

Beauty service industry, unlike other industries, requires management at all touch points of customer contact from start to finish. This is because in this industry, the contact time with the clients is long and the customers are the main agents in the processes of the service. The current study aimed to investigate the relationships between service delivery process failure, complaint behavior, and revisit intention in hair salons. A survey was conducted using questionnaires via both online and offline among hair salon's female clients in their 20s and 40s. The main results obtained are as follows. First, the higher the chances of failure in hair consultation, customer service, and payment and exiting, the lower the intention to revisit. The faster the direct and word-of-mouth responses to customers, the lower the intention to revisit. The mean values of the variables of the sub-items of the overall service delivery process failure and complaint behavior were higher for women in the 40's age group than those in the 20s'age group. The female clients in their 20's appeared to have relatively higher intention to revisit compared to the women in their 40's. The middle-aged women's perception on related services was presumed to be more sensitive and thought to influence the revisit intention. Although immediate responses to complaint behavior is warranted, the above findings indicated that preventing client's complaint behavior in advance is all the more important and thorough consideration and client observation in the service delivery process is critical. To this end, client communications need to be included in the service education manuals provided to the employees. Although hairdressing skills are essential, hairdressers need to minimize mistakes in each stage of hair consultation, customer services, and customer's path in MOT during payment and exiting.

The present study aimed to examine the effects of SNS information quality on barbershop selection attributes, and to this end, a survey was conducted targeting men in the age range 10-50yrs who have experience in using a barbershop. For statistical analysis, SPSS 23.0 and Jamovi 1.1.9.0 programs were applied, whereas for reliability test, Cronbach's α coefficient was used. To check correlation between the variables, both Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analyses were executed. Results, with respect to demographic characteristics, revealed that the highest percentage was shown by the subjects in the age range 20-30 yrs, the unmarried with respect to marital status, and graduation from university in regard to academic background. Next, SNS information quality showed significant effects on the usefulness and informativity. Furthermore, the SNS information quality also had effects on the reliability and interactivity. To conclude, when the usefulness and informativity are higher, the human factor also becomes higher. When the reliability and interactivity are higher, the image factor becomes higher. Therefore, the barbershop operators should have some strategies to emotionally approach their customers along with fully reflecting the items to be more highlighted.

The objectives of the present study are first, to investigate the effect of jaycustomer behavior on the employees' job attitude, and second, to investigate the moderating effect of emotional intelligence in the relationship between jaycustomer behavior and job attitude. A survey was conducted among 535 hair shop employees through questionnaires and the collected data were processed using SPSS WIN. 21.0 software. As a part of statistical analysis, frequency analysis, factor analysis, Cronbach's coefficient α calculation, multiple regression and hierarchical regression analyses were done. The findings showed that the jaycustomers' behavior imparted significant negative effects on job commitment, organization commitment and job enthusiasm of the employees, all four subfactors of the employees' job attitude. We also found that emotional intelligence did have moderating effects on the relationship between jaycustomers' behavior and the employees' job attitude. Given that emotional intelligence is an important human capability which develops in the course of one's lifetime, it is necessary to establish certain emotional intelligence improvement programs or communication, and empathy training programs for the employees.

After the large popularity of marketing of beauty industry through mobile network, in recent time, Instagram has become a new form of marketing platform for dissemination of corporate information in the beauty industry due to active use of beauty influencers. In this regard, the current study attempted to identify the sub-categories of types of beauty influencers' hash tags and how the types of beauty influencers' hash tags affect impulse buying, reliability, and behavioral intentions of consumers, who are the information receivers. For the study, a survey was conducted via online, followed by data analysis using SPSS 24.0 software. Results showed that information providing type and emotion sharing type have statistically significant positive influence on impulse buying, reliability, online word-of-mouth, and repurchase intentions. In addition, compulsive purchase was also found to have statistically significant positive influence on reliability, while impulse buying and reliability showed positive influence on online word-of-mouth and repurchase intentions. Such outcomes manifested that the development of impulse buying, reliability, online word-of-mouth, and repurchase intentions varies according to the sub-categories of the types of beauty influencers' hash tags. The current study is expected to suggest hands-on application of beauty influencers' hash tags to marketing strategies and provide directions to follow-up studies.

With the commercialization of smartphones, the use of mobile network has become universal, and in this regard, the cosmetic industry is no exception. In cosmetics industry, the mobile apps, in particular, are actively used as a part of strategic marketing to save cost and provide consumers with convenience in the corporate level. In the context of mobile usage in cosmetics industry, the current study examined the subfactors of perceived usability of cosmetic mobile apps to address the mutuality and major causes of each variable in regard to the perceived usability, satisfaction with purchase, and customers' intention to maintain relationships with the cosmetic shop. A survey was conducted online, and data analysis was completed using SPSS 24.0 program. Results showed that the subfactors of perceived usability of cosmetic mobile apps, namely convenience, information provision, personalized services, empathy, and security, had statistically significant positive impacts on satisfaction of purchase and intention to maintain relationships. Also, satisfaction of purchase displayed statistically significant positive impact on the intention to maintain relationships, manifesting that the development of satisfaction of purchase and intention to maintain relationships varied according to the subfactors of perceived usability of the cosmetic mobile apps. The study is expected to enhance the efficiency of the cosmetic mobile apps and suggest practical implications to improve consumers' satisfaction of purchase and intention to maintain relationships.