The Journal of Studies in Language 37.2, 127-148. This study focuses on the frequencies of basic words in Korean and English. Their distributions were analyzed quantitatively to compare Korean and English. The correlation analysis shows that the inter-correlation between Korean and English is very high. It implies that the linguistic-cultural difference between these two languages rarely affects the use of basic words. The analysis of visualized frequency distributions shows that the frequencies of basic words exhibit heavy tailed distributions and seem to follow the power-law distribution in both languages. However, the quantitative analysis tells us that their frequency distributions do not follow the power-law distribution but the log-normal distribution. The result suggests that selecting probability distribution best fitted to frequency data should depend on well-established statistical procedures, but not only on visually inspecting of plotted distributions. (Chung-Ang University)

The Journal of Studies in Language 37.2, 149-160. In this paper I research the learners' satisfaction and preference about the non-face-to-face education according to the types, compare which type is suitable to the learners and consider the education's directions. Because the learners have week points to learn actively by self-directed learning method, these difficulties become more and more in the environment of online education. In this untact environment, among several types, I'd like to show which is the more effective type and which the learners like better. Also when I showed the untact class type simultaneously, we could get some different results. About these problems I'd like to research the learning time's convenience, the repetitive learning's convenience, the teaching contents' quality, the school attendance. (Uiduk University)

The Journal of Studies in Language 37.2, 161-179. The purpose of this study is to analyze the types of reflection structures that the university students perceive in reflection writing and to expand their reflection structure experiences to “self” → to “others” → to “social and world” through flipped learning teaching methods. With the rapid transition to the online educational environment in the post pandemic era, students must consider extending their reflection structure awareness in the online environment. The reflection structure is efficient to expand the reflection structure extensions in a way of sharing among students. To this end, flipped learning and application evernote was utilized. It is meaningful that the research mainly focused on research such as reflection writing teaching methods, necessity, and utility, analyzed the reflection structure recognized by the university students and expanded awareness through reflection structure sharing in an online education environment. (Woosuk University)

The Journal of Studies in Language 37.2, 181-196. A Comparative Study on the Perceptions of Korean High School Students and Teachers about Asynchronous Online English Classes. The purpose of this study is to compare the perceptions of students and teachers about the current online English teaching and learning since the outbreak of COVID-19. For this study, questionnaires have been used for 513 students and 10 teachers of a girls' high school located in “D” city, South Korea. The results are as follows: First, there were no significant differences in student and teacher perceptions depending on the subcategories of online English learning. Second, both groups showed the average level of satisfaction with online English classes. Third, both groups showed the necessity for encouraging interaction among class participants. Considering the results above, interaction among class participants should be encouraged by either implementing synchronous mode of class or any other way. This research was based solely on the asynchronous mode of online education with class video contents, so it was not able to comprise other varieties of online learning. (Chongchon High School · Chungnam National University)

The Journal of Studies in Language 37.2, 197-212. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of student motivation on learning satisfaction in the online learning environment. We collected and analyzed questionnaires targeting 200 university students who attended online English classes following the COVID-19 pandemic, which began in 2019. The findings are as flows. First, the intellectual motivation of the learners was impacted in the order of the control type and the professional type. Second, the learners' skills acquisition motivation was impacted by the control type and the professional type. Third, the learners' social motivation was impacted by the control type and the professional type. Fourth, the impact of the English professors' communication styles on the learners' motivation to avoid stimuli in the contactless situation was not confirmed. Fifth, as a result of examining and validating the impact of the English professors' communication styles on the students' satisfaction with the class in the contactless situation, the learners' satisfaction with the class was impacted in the order of the control type, professional type, and the cooperative type. In this connection, in this study, it is uncertain whether the COVID-19 crisis will be terminated over a short period of time moving forward, but is also expected that the discussions of the contactless classes for school education will continue even after of the COVID-19 crisis. (Jeonju University · Dankook University · Jeonju University)

The Journal of Studies in Language 37.2, 213-225. This study investigates Korean-speaking learners' comprehension of raising constructions containing an experiencer phrase. Specifically, it examines whether the type of the intervening experiencer (pronoun, lexical NP) produces a similar asymmetric effect on L2 learners' comprehension as it does on children's. A picture-based truth-value judgment task was conducted with one hundred Korean-speaking adults to test the comprehension of different patterns of raising constructions. The results found that the learners' comprehension was better when a lexical NP is raised across a pronominal experiencer (e.g., John seems to her to be happy), compared to a pronoun raised across a lexical NP (e.g., He seems to Mary to be happy). These findings parallel the pattern of raising in child English and are consistent with a processing-based approach to intervention effects observed in both L1 and L2 acquisition across different constructions. (Korea University of Technology and Education)

The Journal of Studies in Language 37.2, 227-238. Obeying the rules of politeness in all languages is a major contributing factor to speaking favorably. It has been the safest and the most effective way to achieve a successful communication for ages. Being accepted as a way of speaking with humble and agreeable words, euphemisms are used in discourse instead of harsh or unpleasant words. They are mainly used to replace languages of many unpleasant topics, like sex, pregnancy, politics, WC, death, disability and many more. What is more, dealing with impolite subjects and seeking alternatives to bitter terms are very similar. Using Relevance theory to study euphemisms helps to understand how speakers develop new euphemisms and also helps to compare and contrast euphemisms for the same topic in English and Uzbek. (Chungnam National University)