Purpose : In order to successfully conduct an organ procurement interview between the coordinator and the family of the brain dead, it is important to understand the conditions and factors of an efficient organ procurement interview.
Methods : This research uses a literature research. At first I explored the related literature found in the Google Scholar search engine. Subsequently, additional related literature was found in the reference of the literature. The contents related to the subject of this study were identified through close reading of 20 selected literature on organ procurement interviews. Then, appropriate keywords were assigned to the found contents, and the keywords were classified into categories according to the contents.
Results : 14 conditions and factors affecting the effective organ procurement interview were identified: Detailed informing on treatment and diagnostic procedures for the brain dead, effectively delivering bad news of the physicians; understanding and acceptance of brain death, emotional stability, dispositions and values, recognition of the will to donate expressed by the brain dead, positive perception of medical staff, sufficient knowledge about brain death and organ donation of the family of the brain dead; creating an appropriate environment for the interview, listening and empathy, providing accurate and detailed information on organ donation, disposition and qualification, communication and relationship building skills, preparation for the interview of the coordinators.
Conclusion : The results of this study can be used as a guideline to efficiently conduct the organ procurement interview and for organ procurement interview education of coordinators.

Purpose : Patients-clinician communications are not only about information, but also ethical themes. This is because, as medical care is directed at humans. Therefore, medical decisions must be made based on moral considerations. It goes beyond exchanging information and starts with meeting and communication with the interlocutor. In other word, in order to meet each other in existence, it is necessary to continue researching on the basic ideas that constitute ethical dialogue.
Methods : In this Study, there are many points that are not directly revealed in the superficial dialogue between patients and clinician, but there are various factors that lie underneath. The three ethical theories, natural law ethics, utilitarian ethics, and Kant's ethics, that reveal the principles and actions of ethics under the external dialogue will be examined, focusing on the primary literature, which is important in each theory. Through this study, it es possible to examine in what aspects these ethical views reveal their principle and various ethical positions. Based on the analysis of each ethical theory, it is examined which direction of the three theories could contribute to high-quality communication between patients and clinician.
Conclusion : As a common part of the three ethical theories, it can be seen that the principle of “being ethical” is being universally explored. In addition to the common parts, each ethical theory has its own explanation of the basis of ethics and each has its own direction. Based on three different ethical theories, we can examine the differences under the natural and the source of the differences by understanding the ethical theories that are under the ethical view that the other person accepts without question in the patients-clinician communications. And this can be used as a starting point for ethical dialogue to meet each other as a whole, as existence.

Purpose : Recently, with the development of science and technology and the expansion of research scale, the number of multicenter clinical trials involving more than one institution is increasing. Accordingly, by establishing a standard and computerized system for IRB examination, we intend to present a strategy that can be expected to shorten the examination period and reduce examination costs with an efficient examination system.
Methods : The necessity of joint IRB and regulations for operation were reviewed. The points to be considered for the establishment of the e-IRB system were reviewed.
Results : It confirmed that the need for a joint IRB was clear. Problems and solutions to be solved for the concrete realization of the joint IRB were presented. Functions and interlocking methods for reviewing domestic and foreign regulations and system construction were presented.
Conclusion : Through this paper, it is expected that medical institutions will become aware of the importance and necessity of an efficient and flexible joint IRB in line with the rapidly changing medical industry. In fact, it is expected that it will be able to contribute to understanding the precautions on how to organize and operate a joint IRB.

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to explore changes in the conceptual perception structure of medical students' empathy according to the educational experience provided at the beginning of the basic medical education.
Methods : The subjects of this study were 116 students in the 2nd year of the pre-medical department of the College of Medicine.
Results : Before and after the basic medical interview class and after the end of the dissection practice, words included in the concept of empathy such as 'the other person', 'emotion', 'understanding', 'position', 'situation', and 'thought' appeared in common. However, these common words appeared mixed before and after the basic medical interview class, but after the end of the dissection practice, they changed to a structure that recognizes the concept of empathy by integrating the core concepts of 'the other', 'understanding', and 'emotion'. In particular, after the end of the dissection practice, the word 'patient' appeared, expressing the specific object of empathy as a doctor for the first time.
Conclusion : Curriculum related to medical interview within the basic medical education curriculum should be systematically developed so that students can continuously experience practical medical interview situations along with theoretical education.

Purpose : Nursing students' academic immersion in their major field is very important in their learning activities. It is necessary to understand the effect of empathy ability and social responsibility on major immersion. This study was conducted to understand the effect of empathy ability and social responsibility of nursing students on their major immersion.
Methods : This is a descriptive research study in which a survey of 238 nursing students was analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program.
Results : The results of this study were empathy and social responsibility (r=.472, p<.001), empathy and major Immersion (r=.289, p<.001), social responsibility, and major Immersion (r=.597, p<.001) was statistically positively correlated. The results of the factors affecting nursing students' major immersion were academic performance (β=-.171, p<.001), internal factor in major selection (β=-.109, p=.030), major satisfaction (β=-.284, p<.001) and social responsibility (β=.452, p<.001) variables explained about 50.1% of the major immersion.
Conclusion : Through the research results, it is meaningful that nursing students can increase their immersion in the whole body through improvement of departmental achievements, internal factors in major choice, major satisfaction, and social responsibility. Nevertheless, since this study is the result of a survey of nursing students in one area, there are limitations to the expansion of interpretation.

Purpose : People who recovered from the COVID-19 complain of psychological symptoms such as stress, anxiety, and depression by psycho-social stress due to social labelling in the early stage of the epidemic. Stress, depression, anxiety, and degree of stress were compared between those recovered from early infection and those recovered from late infection.
Methods : The 'Perceived Stress Scale' and 'Hospital Anxiety-Depression Scale' was compared for patients recovering from early (February-May 2020) infection (n=20) and patients recovering from two years later (March-April 2022) infection (n=21).
Results : The median age of patients recovering from early/late illness was 51.3/46.1 years. The average score of the perceived stress scale was higher in the early period(19.6±6.52), compare to late period(15.3±6.49), and severe stress was more common in early period(40%) compare to late period(14%). The average score of hospital anxiety and depression were significantly higher in early period(15.4±5.45), compare to late period(9.6±5.44). The average score of the anxiety domain was significantly higher in the early period(6.6±3.25) than late period(4.7±2.96), and severe anxiety(8point~) was more common in early period(45%) compare to late period(9.5%). The average score in depression domain was higher in the early period(8.4±3.86) than late period(6.1±3.21), and the severe depression(8point~) was more common in early period(70%) compare to late period(19%).
Conclusion : Those who recovered after early stages of the COVID-19 epidemic showed significantly higher levels of stress perception, anxiety, and depression than patients in the late stages of the epidemic two years later.

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to identify the degree of communication and empathy of clinical nurses and to identify the differences in empathy and communication skills according to the general characteristics of clinical nurses.
Methods : A total of 316 nurses were recruited from five hospitals. The data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 with real number, percentage, mean, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation.
Results : According to the results of this study, the general characteristics that were statistically significant in the difference in communication ability according to general characteristics were age, clinical experience, position, and number of hospital beds. There was a statistically significant difference in empathy ability according to clinical experience, department, place of work, and number of hospital beds.
Conclusion : Based on the results of this study, an intervention program to improve communication and empathy should be developed in consideration of the statistically meaningfully interpreted general characteristics to improve communication and empathy so that patient-centered nursing can be achieved.

Purpose : Since the era of COVID-19, face-to-face contact has been reduced to prevent the spread of infectious diseases around the world, and hospitals are applying various methods to prevent the spread of infection. However, when writing a consent form essential during the treatment process, it had to be done face-to-face. We developed a non-face-to-face communication device to enable real-time consent writing. This study aims to evaluate the usefulness of the non-face-to-face communication device when writing a consent form.
Methods : From December 28, 2021 to February 2, 2022, electronic medical records of patients visited the severance hospital emergency center and had a central venous catheter inserted were collected retrospectively. There were 56 consent forms included in the study, 43 face-to-face and 13 non-face-to-face. We checked the difference between the details explained in the non-face-to-face consent form and the face-to-face by the average score and the explanation of each item. The score was measured from a minimum of 0 points to a maximum of 13 points, with 1 point for explained items and 0 points for unexplained.
Results : The average score for the face-to-face consent form was 4.3, and for the non-face-to-face was 3.0 (p=0.148). There was no significant difference in the explanation of each item.
Conclusion : It was confirmed writing a consent form through the non-face-to-face communication device can perform a similar role compared to the face-to-face. It is expected unnecessary contact can be reduced by applying the device to hospital rooms, and enabling a non-face-to-face rounds system for new infectious diseases.

Purpose : In emergency department(ED), emergency consultation is often omitted or delayed, resulting in an increase of the length of stay for patients. The present study investigated the emergency consultation computerized system designed for prompt and accurate communication can shorten the time for consultation care. In addition, we tried to confirm how users' satisfaction with communication for emergency consultation changed before and after using the system.
Methods : We divided the period from arrival to exit of the emergency department into 4 stages, and the time taken for each stage was measured. In addition, the present study conducted a satisfaction survey on the convenience and accuracy of communication among users.
Results : After using the computerized system, the median value of time for emergency consultation treatment decreased significantly from 78 minutes to 39 minutes (p<0.001). In terms of communication convenience, more than two-thirds of the users responded positively.
Conclusion : The system that computerized the initial communication shortened the time required for emergency consultation and increased satisfaction in terms of convenience of communication between medical staff.

Purpose : This study aimed to develop a program that promotes posttraumatic growth (PTG) in young breast cancer survivors returning to work and measure its feasibility.
Methods : This study was conducted at a university-based cancer center in Seoul, Republic of Korea. After a literature review, in-depth interviews, and network analysis of the online community, a 4-week group-based education program was developed. The program consisted of post-cancer life, exercise, nutritional, psychological, and esthetic management. The primary outcome was PTG, and secondary outcomes were rumination, distress, and thinking about returning to work.
Results : Fifteen young breast cancer survivors working at the time of cancer diagnosis participated in the program. The mean age of the participants was 41.80 ± 5.03 years and the time since diagnosis was 14.07 ± 15.90 months. There were significant differences in the total PTG and PTG sub-item scores in relation to others, personal strengths, and anxiety (p<0.05). Confidence in returning to work was also significantly different (p<0.05).
Conclusion : PTG promotion programs will be effective in helping young breast cancer survivors to return to work. Further studies involving a larger sample and a longer follow-up period are required.