In recent years, rechargeable batteries such as lithium-ion batteries have been used in many electrical products along with electric vehicles and industrial storage batteries. In Japan, portable rechargeable batteries (small secondary batteries) are subject to voluntary collection and recycling under the Act for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources. However, primary and secondary batteries are subject to different collection methods, and the collection rate of rechargeable batteries under the Act is low because the Act only covers rechargeable batteries (not products except mobile batteries) and there are many products with integrated batteries. Currently, many electrical products, including portable rechargeable batteries, are collected and recycled as small home appliances or disposed of as noncombustible waste by local governments, and accidents such as ignition have occurred due to crushing at recycling and disposal facilities. The Ministry of the Environment and various local governments have taken measures such as separate collection to prevent fires, but there are limits to what can be done only at the site of disposal, and measures based on the concept of extended producer responsibility, including manufacturers and importers, are required. Lithium-ion batteries contain valuable resources and are hazardous, so it is necessary to establish a recovery system that takes into account not only resource conservation but also ensuring safety. This presentation will discuss the current status and issues of collection and recycling of portable rechargeable batteries, especially lithium-ion batteries, in Japan, with reference to regulations and evaluation cases in Europe.