This study aims to propose policies for enhancing the effectiveness of vocational training for North Korean defectors. For this aim the vocational training and employment support policies currently running in the South Korean society for North Korean defectors, their economic activity status, the connectivity between the training and employment, their preferred vocational training in South Korea, and the satisfaction with the vocational training have been analyzed. By analyzing the refugee employment policies in the UK, Australia, Canada, Germany, a review was brought on the policy challenges Korea should be able to offer more specifically in the future towards the defectors. In order to determine the North Korean defectors’ demand for employment and vocational training, in-depth interviews were carried out, analyzing their occupational mobility, experiences in training and employment, and other difficulties, etc. Analyses were also made on the current status and possible difficulties of the vocational training institutions by conducting a survey on the teachers of the training organizations who are currently operating training programs for North Korean defectors. Finally, centered on the problems and implications discovered in the course of the study, policy proposals are suggested. The fundamental of the policy objectives for improving the effectiveness of vocational training is at turning its direction from the number of hours- or certificate-orientated training to more field-directed vocational training. Through such policy basis, structured on the current total number of hours, new education courses will be established, which are anticipated to entice changes from the training organizations with some shock, who tend to place their instructors without any particular prior quality control.