China-Mongolia economic and trade relations have experienced different stages of development along with changes in international political and economic relations. China has become Mongolia’s largest trading partner and largest investor for more than a decade. Therefore, studying the bilateral trade structure and characteristics of China and Mongolia will further promote economic cooperation between the two sides. Based on the previous research literature, the author conducts an analysis at the industrial level, making the bilateral trade structure more specific to product classification. And through research, it is found that the comparative advantage products of China and Mongolia have formed perfect complementary, and Mongolia’s resource-oriented products have obvious advantages, but China prefer to export manufactory goods, which is exactly what Mongolia needs. So based on the results of index, the author give the political suggestion to contributed to the bilateral trade development between China and Mongolia.