Objective Vitamin D status, as indicated by 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH)D], is inversely associated with glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, and blood pressure. Evidence on the association of vitamin D with metabolic syndrome (MS), however, is very limited. Therefore we investigated the relationship of serum 25-(OH)D levels and MS in Korean men. Methods This study was a cross sectional study including 2,582 Korean adults who visited a health promotion center in a university hospital from January 2010 to May 2011. MS was defined according to the AHA/NHLBI criteria and the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. MS and its individual components were assessed as well as serum 25-(OH)D levels with multiple logistic regression analysis. Results The overall prevalence of the MS in participants of this study was 17.2%. Compared with the highest quantile serum 25-(OH)D level group (21.6-58.3 ng/mL), the odds ratio for MS in the lowest level group (4.0-12.3 ng/mL) was 1.55 (95% CI = 1.07-2.25), in the lower level group (12.4-16.7 ng/mL) was 1.21 (95% CI = 0.85-1.74), and in the intermediate level group (16.8-21.5 ng/mL) was 0.90 (95% CI = 0.62-1.29). Among the components of metabolic syndrome, the odds ratios for abdominal obesity, impaired fasting glucose, elevated blood pressure, low HDL cholesterol level, and high triglyceride level in the lowest serum 25-(OH)D level group were 0.98 (0.59-1.62), 0.89 (0.97-0.70), 0.84 (0.65-1.10), 0.90 (0.65-1.23), and 1.76 (1.33-2.28), respectively. Conclusion We found that a low serum 25-(OH)D level is significantly associated with a high risk of MS and some metabolic components, especially the high triglyceride level in Korean men.