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공통참조요강초안(Draft Common Frame of Reference)의 인적담보에 관한 연구
The Rules on Personal Security of Draft Common Frame of Reference
위계찬 ( We Kye-chan )
외법논집 33권 2호 27-87(61pages)
UCI I410-ECN-0102-2019-300-001422786

Personal security is ruled in the Book Ⅳ Part G of the Draft Common Frame of Reference(DCFR). Personal security differ from proprietary security which is granted by the debtor or the third party. Proprietary security creates a preferential right for the creditor in on or more specific items of its property. By contrast, a security provider who assumes a personal security becomes liable to the creditor with all its assets. The part G of Book Ⅳ of DCFR consists of 4 Chapters, the main chapters are chapters 2 and 3 which deal, respectively, with the dependent and independent personal security. These core chapters are accompanied by two chapters, chapter 1 with common rules and chapter 4 with special rules for personal security of consumers. Article 1:101 (a) and (b) in chapter 1 define the two basic types of personal security, a dependent security independent security. Dependent personal security is an obligation by a security provider which is assumed in favour of a creditor in order to secure a present or future obligation of the debtor owed to the creditor and performance of which is due only if, and to the extent that, performance of the latter obligation is due. The dependent personal security ist characterized by the fact that it dependes upon the secured obligation which owed to the creditor by the debtor. Independent personal security differ from dependent personal security. Independent personal security is an obligation by a security provider which is assumed in favour of a creditor for the purposes of security and which is expressly or impliedly declared not to depend upon another person's obligation owed the the creditor. Its feature is the independence of the security provider's obligation to the creditor. The main rules on personal security according to DCFR are as follows. The dependent personal security is the milder form than the independent personal security. Paragraph of Article 2:101 establishes a presumption for assuming a dependent personal security in case of doubt. Article 2:102 of chapter 2 deals with dependency of the dependent personal security. The validity, extent and terms of the security obligation depend upon the validity, extent and terms of the secured obligation. With respect of liability of a dependent security provider, Articles 2:105 and 2:106 deal with 2 basic forms, which is either solidary or subsidiary. The rules of DCFR on personal security select the solidarity as the basic form of dependent personal security provider. However, consumer security providers benefit from subsidiary liability. The security provider does not know of the events of the debtor which are relevant for its position and possible steps to protect its interest. In this respect DCFR pays attention to the importance for the security of having the necessary information. In accordance with Article 2:107 the creditor is required to notify the security provider without undue delay in case of a non-performance or inability to pay of the debtor as well as of an extension of maturity. This rule is very important for the protection of the security provider, especially under article 2:111. In addition DCFR regulate the liability of the creditor if and in so far as due to the creditor's conduct the security provider cannot be subrogated toe the creditor's rights against the debtor and to the creditor's personal and proprietary security rights. Furthermore Part G of Book Ⅳ of DCFR postulate the obligation of the security provider before or after performance in articles 2:112 and 2:113. In respect of the independent personal security DCFR declare the independency of the independent personal security in article 3:101. Article 3:102 require the independent security provider to notify the debtor of a demand for performance, performance and the reason for the refusal, if the performance has been refused. With reference to the performance of the security provider the rules of articles 3:103, 3:104 and 3:105 are important. After performance the security provider has the right to reclaim the benefits received by the creditor if the conditions for the creditor's demand were not or subsequently ceased to be fulfilled or the creditor's demand was manifestly abusive or fraudulent. The first chapter with common rules of Book Ⅳ Part G of DCFR apply to all chapters, however chapter 1 is, above all, important for dependent personal security and independent personal security. Chapter 4 of Book Ⅳ Part G of DCFR is devoted to the protection of consumers as security provider. The rules of chapter 4 apply to personal security granted by a consumer. The core provision for the protection of consumer is article 4:103 with creditor's pre-contractual duty of information. In addition chapter 4 regulate the subsidiary liability of consumer security provider and the reduction of its liability to the amount of the secured obligation in case of security without a maximum amount.

Ⅰ. 시작하며
Ⅱ. 공통규정
Ⅲ. 종속적 인적담보
Ⅳ. 독립적 인적담보
Ⅴ. 소비자 담보제공자에 관한 특별규정
Ⅵ. 마치며 - DCFR의 과제와 시사점
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