이 연구에서는 종결어미화된 연결어미 중 양태 요소를 포함한 ‘-는데, -거든’을 제외한 ‘-고, -든지, -으려고, -게, -도록, -으면’이 모두 후행절 대신 어휘적 의미가 약한 ‘하다’와 결합해 쓰일 수 있다는 점에 주목했다. 형태가 동일하고 어말어미라는 공통점을 지니나 후행 요소의 유무나 종류에 따라 연결어미, ‘어미 + 하다’ 구성, 종결어미로 쓰이면서 통사·의미적 기능을 달리 하는 이러한 것들을 ‘범용어미’라 규정하고 그 특성에 대해 살펴보았다. 대등나열의 ‘-고, -든지’는 연결어미와 ‘하다’ 구성 모두 중첩 구성을 기본으로 하여 동일 가치의 명제가 더 나열될 수 있음을 함의한다. 이러한 나열의 개방성은 내용을 풍성하게 해 표현을 구체화하여 의사소통 효과를 높인다. 선후행절의 논리적 관계를 나타내는 연결어미 ‘-으려고, -게, -도록, -으면’은 [-실제성]과 [+주관성]을 공통의미로 가지는데, ‘어미 + 하다’ 구성의 경우는 여기에 [+바람]의 의미가 더해진다. 통사적 제약에 있어 ‘-으려고, -게, -도록’은 연결어미와 ‘하다’ 구성에서 동일한 양상을 보이나 ‘-으면’의 경우는 차이가 있다. 또 ‘어미 + 하다’ 구성의 생략에 있어 양태적·문법적 기능을 하는 것은 생략이 불가능한 반면 표현 효과에만 기여하는 것은 생략이 가능하다. 범용어미가 종결어미로 쓰일 때의 의미 기능에 대해 살펴보면 대부분 양태적 의미를 드러낸다. 의미 강조나 바람, 동조, 감탄 외에도 상황에 대한 의아함이나 의심, 분노, 짜증 등 다양한 양태적 의미가 나타나며, 화용적 상황에도 제한이 있어 친근한 관계에서의 당부나 인사, 공적인 상황에서 다수를 대상으로 한 업무 지시 등에만 한정된 쓰임을 보이는 예도 있다.

In Korean, there are total 8 endings that were used as connective ending and became final endings, including ‘-는데, -거든, -고, -든지, -으려고, -게, -도록, and -으면’. Excluding ‘-는데 and -거든’ that contains modal markers in these 8 endings, ‘-고, -든지, -으려고, -게, -도록 and -으면’ can be combined with endings with no lexical meaning such as ‘하다’ in place of following clause. Even the endings in identical form display different meaning and syntactic characteristics based on the presence and type of following element. This study defines the endings in identical form that are used as the connective ending, ‘ending + 하다’ form, or final ending widely as two or more functional final endings. In addition, it developed the discussion based on the characteristics when the two or more functional final endings are used in ‘ending + 하다’ structure or as final endings. Based on the discussion, ‘-고, -든지’ were based on reapplication construction when used as connective endings or combined with ‘하다’ Also, this means that more propositions with identical value can be listed. The openness of this list makes the contents richer and more diverse to specify expressions and improve communication effects. ‘-어려고, -게, -도록, -으면’, which show the logical relationship of antecedent/following clauses, can have [-reality]와 [+subjectivity] in common when used as connective endings. Also, the meaning of [+wish] is added when used in ‘ending + 하다’ structure. In terms of syntactic constraints, ‘-어려고, -게, -도록’ do not show difference when used in connective ending + ‘하다’ structure, but showed a huge difference in case of ‘-으면’ In addition, ‘ending + 하다’ can’t be omitted in ‘-어려고 하다, -으면 하다’ that have modal meaning or ‘-도록 하다, -게 하다’, which are causatives with grammatical function. Meanwhile, clauses related to expressive effective, such as ‘-고 하다, -든지 하다, -도록 하다’, rather than grammatical or modal melding, can be omitted. Lastly, the study examined the characteristics of two or more functional final endings when they are used as final endings. They strongly show the modal meaning, such as the speaker’s psychological attitude or emotions. Declarative endings provide the functions of emphasizing meaning or expressing speaker’s motions or wishes through the addition of information. When ‘-고, -게’, added with basis for speaker’s prediction or expectation, emphasize meaning, it expresses suspicion about unusual event or situation. Also, speaker’s psychology or emotion, such as positive appreciation, or negative anger or irritation, is displayed in the expression or emotion. Modal meaning is strongly displayed when expressing speaker’s wish. ‘-으면’ contains speaker’s positive wish or hope, and ‘-든지’ expresses dissatisfaction against negative reality, while displaying the hope to improve the situation. When functioning as a question, ‘-고’ plays a similar function as the existing interrogative endings, but ‘-으려고’ and ‘-게’ strongly show the model meaning, such as suspicion or agreement. This displays the speaker’s accepting attitude about the authenticity of previously presented information. ‘-고’ or ‘-도록’ ist’t very different from the existing imperative final endings, but aside from the general imperative function, ‘-고’ is frequently used as the way to extend greetings in friendly ways in personal relationships. Also, ‘-도록’ sounds more natural in official situations such as work orders or against the public, so its use is rather limited.