Biofuel based on available biomass in rural area could contribute to increase the vitality and income of rural residents. This study estimates the potential production and environmental benefits of biofuel production from surplus rice, rice straw, cow manure, and food waste in South Korea. We could produce about 2.4 billion liters of ethanol using surplus rice and rice straw and 841 million m³ of methane from cow manure and food waste. 1.7 billion liters of gasoline and 800 million liters of diesel could be replaced with these potential biofuel productions, which can annually reduce 4.9 million ton CO₂ eq. GHGs.