The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between urban and rural children`s social play behavior. The social categories of the Bronson Social and Task Skill Profile(1985) were used in the collection of data. The subjects were 40 urban children and 40 rural children who attended kindergarten in urban and rural communities respectively. The mean age of the urban children was 5.3 years and the mean age of the rural children was 5.2 years. Eight play areas were arranged with similar arrangement patterns in the classrooms in both communities. Every child was videotaped on 3 different occasions during free-play periods in kindergarten. ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The data was analyzed for type of community, sex, and interaction. The results of this study indicated that there were significant differences between urban and rural children`s social play behavior. The rural children engaged in more social activities while the urban children engaged in more non-social activities. The rural children displayed more positive social behavior while the urban children displayed more negative social behavior. Boys and girls showed different profiles of social play behavior. That is: girls engaged in more associative activities and displayed more positive social behavior while boys engaged in more parallel activities and displayed more negative social behavior.