In Korea and Japan, the early modern society was an agriculture-centered one, so agriculture was one of the most important project to governors as well as farmers. In this respect, the comparison and analysis of agriculture books which were made to improve the agricultural productivity will be a vital devotion to the analysis of the basic societies of the two nations, Korea and Japan, because the agricultural technology of the books reflects not only the agricultural production of all the societies, but also the properties of the agricultural villages. So, in this study I`m intending to analyse and survey the agricultural books which have common in these respects that first it was focused to the rice farming, the most representative agriculture, socond, it was described basing on the author`s real agricultural experience, third, it was putting importance to the applicable and developmental agricultural methods in terms of the small farm managers who were the typical producers of the age. In other words, I try to compare and analyse the managements of small farms of 18th century in Korea and Japan. In particular, I put importance to fertilizing theory and irrigation theory which have vital effects on the increase of productivity as well as stability among rice farming methods. To be specific, in fertilizing theory, the recognition of the fertilization, the collecting methods and kinds of fertilizers, and fertilizing methods are discussed. In irrigation theory, not only the recognition of the irrigation, but the irrigation facilities and its problems are discussed. As a result, the limits of this study and further prospect will be suggested as a conclusion. I mention three points as my study`s limits. First, my study is a little roundabout in the respect that I approach the villages and national society through the comparison and analysis of the agricultural technology in the agricultural books. Second, even though my study suggests the problems which were caused by the differences of the agricultural technology as well as the properties of the books, it lacks more specific and diverse analysis. Third, it lacks the specific analysis of the two nations` villages themselves. In the case of early modern age `mura` of Japan and `myon` of Korea are said to resemble so much, but there are little study about the specific conditions until now. Therefore, I suggest as a further study the analysis of the villages on the basis of differences of agricultural technology as well as the properties of agricultural books.