To prevent re-offending in Domestic Violence cases -efer to the DV policy of New Zealand
1. はじめに~ コロナ禍における日本の状況とDV相談件数の増 2. DV加害者への働きかけに向けた動き 3. ニュージーランドにおけるDV防止の取組み 4. 終わりに
DVは犯罪であり、女性に対する暴力は、社会に対する犯罪に他ならない。DVは繰り返す人権侵害であり、しかも繰り返すことにより行為がエスカレートしていくという特徴がある。日本においてはDVに対する社会的認識がいまだ揺らいでおり、そして、DV防止法の定義が広がったことで、保護命令の保護対象ではない暴力も含まれることとなったことも相まって、DVが犯罪化されていない状態である。いわゆる「DV罪」は創設されていないものの、DVの加害者は、通常の暴力犯罪と同様に、適正な刑事手続によって処罰されるべきであり、そのような処罰事例が蓄積されていくことによる社会啓発の意味合いは大きい。 とはいえ、日本のDV施策は、被害者が加害者の元から離れることを前提とした安全確保及び自立支援にかかる対策が中心となっている。当事者が親密な間柄にある「家族」である場合、単に当事者を引き離して終わりというわけにはいかないし、加害者と同居を続けながら、暴力だけは止めてほしい、というニーズをもつ当事者も多い。いくら刑罰法令を適正に運用し、厳罰化したとしても、加害者に対して具体的な働きかけをしないままでは、暴力や支配的な動パ当ーンは継続するであろうし、被害者に対する執着心や支配意識が非常に強い場合には、重大事件に発展する恐れもある。そしてまた、暴力事件を起こしたときに再度加害者を逮捕し、刑事施設に収監するといったことを繰り返していても、事態は改善に向かわないし、離婚によって、被害者との切り離しが成功したとしても、再婚するなどして、新たな被害者が生み出されるだけかもしれない。そのため、刑罰の適正な対応だけでは、再被害を防ぐことはできないし、「再犯」の防止だけを対象としていたのではDV被害者支援及び再加害の防止のためには、不十分である。 そこで、本報告では、「再犯」だけではなく「再加害」の防止のために、加害者への働きかけをどう行っていくべきかについて、日本におけるDV施策を踏まえ、諸外国からの示唆として、ニュージーランドにおけるDV防止に向けた取組み及び2018年FV法について紹介する。
DV is a crime, and violence against women is nothing but a crime against society. However, although DV is a repeated violation of human rights, and it is characterized by the fact that the act escalates by repeating it. In Japan, social awareness of domestic violence is still swaying, and the expansion of the definition of the DV Prevention Act has also included violence that is not protected by protection orders. So, DV has not criminalized in Japan. The perpetrators of domestic violence should be punished by proper criminal procedures, as in the case of ordinary violent crimes, and the accumulation of such punishment cases has great implications for social enlightenment. DV Prevention Act in Japan is the law on the prevention of spousal violence and the protection of the victims. So, the central part of DV Policy in Japan is to ensure the safety of the victims and independence support. When a party is a "family" with an intimate relationship, it is not possible to simply separate the parties and end, and many perpetrators have a need to stop violence while staying with the victim. Even if the punishment is properly applied and the punishment is severe, violence and dominant behavioural patterns will continue without specific action on the perpetrators. If the perpetrators have a very strong attachment to the victim, it may lead to a serious incident. Moreover, even if the perpetrators are arrested again and imprisoned in a penal institution when a violent incident occurs, the situation does not improve. Even if the divorce succeeds in separating, it may create a new victim by remarriage another woman. Therefore, recidivism cannot be prevented only by taking appropriate measures of punishment. Targeting only the prevention of "recidivism" is not sufficient to support DV victims and prevent re-offending. Therefore, husband who battered wife can continue to live his social life without being responsible for violence and unaware of his violent and dominant behaviour patterns, even if his wife is temporarily protected at shelter. So, in this report, I will talk about re-offending not recidivism. Based on the DV measures in Japan, I would like to introduce the efforts for DV Act in New Zealand and the 2018 FV Law as suggestions from other countries.
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