This study aims to reveal the structure of the Yi Sunsin turtle ship by considering the ways how a total of 19 naval guns were arranged in the turtle ship. According to the results of this study, two largest guns (cheonja chongtong) were placed at the front of the ship on the second floor; two second-largest guns (jija chongtong) at the front on the third floor; one third-largest gun (hyeonja chongtong) at the front on the third floor; two third-largest guns at the rear end on the third floor; twelve fourth-largest guns (hwangja chongtong) along the side on the third floor. The findings on the deployment of naval guns support the hypothesis that the Yi Sunsin turtle ship had a three-story structure.

In the thirteenth century, there were extensive astronomical exchanges between the Islamic world and Yuan China. Particularly, Islamic calendar system based on the Greek astronomy was first introduced into Yuan China, and a Persian Zij by new observations was compiled by the Muslim astronomers who were active in Beijing observatory equipped with the Arabic instruments. In the next Ming dynasty, the Chinese version of Islamic calendar, Huihui lifa 回回曆法, originated from the Persian Zij, was compiled by the contributions of the Chinese and Muslim Astronomers, and it was transmitted to Joseon Korea during the King Sejong period (1418-1450). However, Korean astronomers found the serious mistakes in the epoch and the date conversion method of the Huihui lifa, and they compiled a newly revised version of Chinese-Islamic calendar, Chiljeongsan oepyeon 七政算外篇. In this paper, we examine the transmission of Islamic calendrical astronomy from Arab to Joseon Korea via China. Through the study of the Islamic Zijes and literatures related with the Huihui lifa, we trace the inter-relation among them. As well, we try to get the information and clues such as their origins and the years or places of the observations, from the analysis of astronomical tables in the Huihui lifa and Chiljeongsan oepyeon.

This paper examines the learning process of a Korean virologist Ho Wang Lee. He is a medical scientist, who discovered the Hantaan virus, known to cause epidemic hemorrhagic fever, for the first time in the world. He achieved international research results amid poor research conditions in Korea. How did he manage to achieve this? To answer this question, this paper will present his learning experience as a budding medical researcher. During the course of his studies, he experienced several shifts in learning space, which had had some influence on his research activities. First, he was able to absorb advanced research skills by studying abroad. He studied at the College of Medicine, Seoul National University, where he was responsible for making sterile culture medium. He then went on to the University of Minnesota, where he was exposed to a new field of virology. Second, Lee was able to construct a network of international researchers through his movement abroad. Scherer, who was his academic advisor at the University of Minnesota, continued to stay in touch with Lee after he graduated, helping him with various aspects of his research activities back home. Third, he had an opportunity to explore cutting-edge research topics with colleagues in developed countries. Lee's contact with peers in the United States allowed him to utilize a new experimental material, the porcine kidney cell, as a culture medium of the Japanese Encephalitis virus.

Many discussions on South Korean industrialization focus on the roles of government, large corporations, and labor, while treating technological innovation as a black box. This paper traces the genealogy of previous studies on technological development in Korea. Based on an appraisal of their merits, I will make some suggestions for future work. The focus of previous studies has changed from technological dependency to the development of technological capabilities. In addition, they have considered the stages, types, and characteristics of technological development in Korea. Despite their contributions, the historical facts surrounding the issue have not been sufficiently considered, leading to some limitations in the areas covered and levels of analyses. This paper suggests a more comprehensive technological innovation model, which will help capture the uneven technological development in Korean industries.