본 연구는 중층 목조건축의 조형성을 파악하기 위해 유형을 분류하고 4가지 조형요소인 체감(遞減), 처마내밀기, 층고(層高), 지붕경사인 물매의 비례체계 분석을 목적으로 한다. 이 네 가지는 중층 목조건축 설계에서 단면 치수 결정에 중요한 조형원리이기 때문이다. 연구대상은 국가지정문화재 중 국보, 보물, 중요민속자료, 사적에 속하는 52건이다. 이 중 궁궐및 관영건축이 17건, 불교건축 7건, 유교건축 4건, 주거건축 24건이다. 기존 연구에서는 관영건축과 불교건축 중심이었으나 본 연구에서는 주거건축까지 포함시켰다. 연구방법은 현지답사와 정밀실측조사보고서, 보수공사보고서, 도면 등 관련 문헌을 통하여 연구, 분석하였다. 이를 통해 층 구분, 층간유형, 체감 유무를 기준으로 중층 목조건축의 유형을 6가지로 분류하고 조형적 요소를 검토했다. 그 결과 중층 목조건축의 유형은 층간지붕형, 층간난간형, 무첨형으로 구분 가능하고, 층간지붕형은 다시 내외중층형, 내부통층형, 다중지붕형, 무첨형은 공심돈형과 반층형으로 세분했다. 기존의 중층 목조건축 관련 연구에서는 무첨형에 대한 언급이 없었으나 본 연구에서는 조형성을 중심으로 유형을 검토하므로 한옥 설계에서 많은 비중을 차지하는 살림집이나 상징적 건물은 무첨형을 포함시켰다. 조형요소에서 면적과 높이는 일정한 비례가 나타나며 지붕물매와 처마내밀기는 비교적 자유로웠던 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 면적은 하층이 100%인 경우 온칸물림은 상층이 42%~44%, 반칸물림은 상층이 55~78%로 나타났다. 높이는 내외중층형 하층이 상층보다 높아 상층 사용공간의 높이가 하층의 높이에 비해 1/2~2/3 수준이었다. 반면 층간난간형은 하층보다 상층이 해당건물의 중심공간이므로 상하층의 높이가 거의 비슷하거나 오히려 높은 건물들도 볼 수 있었다. 반층형은 모두 거주형으로 외부에서 봤을 때는 단층건물로 보이나 내부는 중층건물로 상하층의 높이가 낮았다.

The aim of this study is to figure out the formativeness of multi-roofed wooden building. For this purpose the types were classified and the study analyzed proportion system of 4 formative elements including diminishing, eaves protruding, floor height and slope of a roof. These 4 elements are important formative principle in the determination of cross-section dimension at the multi-roofed wooden building design. The research subjects were 52 buildings including national treasures, treasures, important folk data and historical sites among state-designated cultural properties. Among them, palace and government buildings were 17 together with 7 Buddhist buildings, 4 Confucius buildings and 24 residential buildings. Precedent studies focused on government buildings and Buddhist buildings, but this study included residential buildings too. As for research methodology, the site visit was conducted and precise measurement survey report, repair work report, drawings and other related documents were studied and analyzed. In doing so, multi-roofed wooden buildings were classified into 6 types based on floor section, type of inter-roofed and diminishing followed by review of formative elements. As a result, the types of multi-roofed wooden buildings were classified into inter-floor roof type, inter-floor banister type, non-addition type. Inter-floor roof type was specified again into internal-external multi-roofed type, internal single floor type and multiple roof type. And non-addition type was specified into Gongsimdon type and half-floor type. As for studies on existing multi-roofed wooden building, there was no mention on non-addition type. But as this study reviewed types focusing on formativeness, the non-addition type was included in residential house or symbolic building which accounted for large portion in Hanok design. In formative elements, area and height had regular proportion, and it was found that slope of a roof and eaves protruding were relatively free. As for area, if the lower floor was 100%, upper floor accounted for 42%~44% for Onkanmulim and for 55%~78% for Bankanmulim. As for height, lower floor in the interior-exterior multi-roofed type was higher than upper floor. Thus, the height of use area of upper area was 1/2~2/3 over the height of lower floor. To the contrary, in the inter-floor banister type, upper floor was central space of the building than lower floor, the height between upper and lower floors was similar, and some buildings had higher upper floor. In the half-floor type which is residential building, while it was seen as a single floor building from outside, it was multi-roofed building with low height both upper and lower floor.