PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the 20 m PACER and to develop accurate and practical prediction models of maximal oxygen consumption using 20 m PACER.
METHODS: In total 407 (male 207, female 200) in middle and high school students participated in this study. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured using the maximal-graded exercise treadmill test. Sex, age, and anthropometrics variable were measured as potential predictors. Each test was conducted within a week interval, ensuring sufficient rest. Correlation analysis was performed to investigate the validity of 20 m PACER. Regression analysis was performed to develop the maximum oxygen uptake prediction equation using the 20 m PACER. The accuracy of prediction models was evaluated using R2, standard error of estimate (SEE), mean difference (MD), and limit of agreement (LoA%) against a criterion-measured of maximal oxygen uptake.
RESULTS: 20 m PACER was respectively .675 (.001) in male students .585 (.001) in female students showed reasonable validity. The equation of the following was developed (R2=0.77; SEE=3.58): VO2max=53.550+0.169 (20 m PACER)-0.333 (%body fat)+2.276 (sex)-0.080 (height). Gender has a value of 0 for men and 1 for women.
CONCLUSIONS: The prediction models included 4 variables as significant predictors of maximal oxygen uptake and had acceptable accuracy in a large sample of South Korean adolescent. Therefore, developed equation in this study is recommended for better estimation of cardiopulmonary fitness of middle and high school students.

The purpose of this study was to propose an efficient management plan for purchased land considering the hydrological, watershed characteristics and ecological functions of the target land and surrounding area based on the result of monitoring the water quality improvement effect obtained by purchasing the land in the watershed area in the Geum river system. For this purpose, this study investigated through literature review, and examined ways to apply them to this research by deriving implications from a comprehensive analysis of previous research cases. After that, the components of assessment were derived to evaluate the ecological function of the purchase land, and the ecological function evaluation model for each land and area was proposed. In order to select purchase and restoration priorities of the land, this study analyzed the ecological status of the purchased land in main watersheds and tributaries using Arc GIS ver 10.1. Through this, a process to select restoration priorities was developed. And this study constructed the integrated management process with proposing a mid - to long - term plan by integrating the purchased land valuation and restoration priority selection process. Based on this process, this study suggested an effective management plan for purchased land through the integrated ecological management system of lands purchased. It can be used systematically in appraisal valuation, land purchase system, restoration project, and follow-up management of land purchase.

This study investigated the relationship among seven species of trichoderma through the identification of strains collected in Korea. The phylogenetic tree among the collected strains was classified into four groups. The trichoderma strains isolated in this way showed inhibitory effect on the fusarium wilt which is parasitic to cotyledon stem..The invisibility of J9, J10, J13 and J16 strains were higher in comparison with other strains in vitro test stand, and their spore production level was also higher. In the aluminum ring tests, it showed that the yield of the spores in J9, J10 and J13 were more than any other strain. As a result conducting the port test for cucumbers, the plant lengths of J13 were larger than the control plot, and the root lengths of all strains, except for J2 were longer than the control plot, and the root weights of J1, J9, J10, J13 and J16 were larger than the control plot. The disease severity for the fusarium wilt showed the smallest values at J13 and J16 in comparison with the control plot, and the control values of J13 and J16 were higher than other strains.

현대 태권도의 원류(原流)로서 5대관의 하나인 송무관의 개설 또는 창립 시기는 현대 태권도사의 시초와도 연관된 주요한 사안이다. 따라서 이는 국기원의 대외적 홍보물이나 지도자 연수 교재에서도 다루어지고 있다. 그런데 송무관 창립 일자에 관해서는 지금까지 3가지 설이 제시되어 여전히 쟁점으로 남아 있다. 송무관의 창립 시기는 현대적 무예의 첫 출발을 기록하는 사안과도 얽힌 중요한 역사적 지식으로 간주될 수 있다. 따라서 이 같은 논제는 보다 정확하고 엄밀한 태권도사 서술에 절실히 요청되는 학술적 과제이므로 이 연구의 필요성이 따른다. 이 연구의 목적은 송무관의 창립 시기가 언제인지를 구명(究明)함으로써 객관적이고 타당한 현대 태권도사를 확립하는데 있다. 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해서 다음 세부적 문제를 순차적으로 고찰하기로 한다. 첫째, 송무관 창립에 관한 기존의 설은 무엇인가? 둘째, 송무관 창립에 관한 사료적 근거로서 4건의 1차사료들은 어떤 사실을 담고 있는가? 셋째, 송무관 창립에 관한 객관적인 판단은 어떠한 것인가? 연구방법으로는 실증주의에 바탕한 역사적 접근과 면접조사법을 병행한 분석적 고찰이 채용되었다. 연구 결과, 기존의 설에서 송무관 창설자 노병직이 일제 강점기에 시작한 일시적인 개인 지도까지 소급(遡及)시켜 무리하게 주장되는 사례가 있었다. 이에 대해 관(館)의 창립은 실내 수련장이 갖추어짐으로써 지속적인 무예 교습과 관(館) 운영 체제가 정식으로 성립된 경우로 한정되어야 한다. 이 같은 점을 고려하면서 신문기사 3건과 사진 1점 등 4건의 1차사료(史料)에 의거하여 송무관의 개설과 창립 일자는 다음과 같이 파악되었다. 개성(開城)을 연고지로 한 송무관은 동흥동(동본정은 옛 이름) 남부유도관내에서 1947년 9월 20일(토) 정식으로 무예 교습이 개시되었다. 이어 11월 16일(일)에 송도중(고등)학교 강당에서 대대적인 창립식이 거행되었다. 신문기사 3건과 사진 1점이 그 사실적 근거가 되었다. 즉 객관적 사실을 전하는 1차사료들은 송무관의 개설과 창립 일자를 고증(考證)하는 주요 단서가 되었다. 한편 송무관 창설자 노병직이 근래에 와서 천명한 관덕정 창립설은 다섯 가지 세부적인 이유에 의해 정식 관(館)의 개설이나 창립으로 간주되기는 어렵다고 판단되었다.

The establishment of Songmoo-gwan, one of the five martial art schools(五大館), played an important role in the origin of modern Taekwondo history. Therefore, this information is included in the Kukkiwon Taekwondo promotional materials and teacher training materials. However, an issue still remains due to there being three theories regarding the date that Songmoo-gwan was established. The period of when Songmoo-gwan was established can be regarded as important historical knowledge due to its relation with the first recording of modern martial arts. Thus, this study is a much needed academic task in order to provide accurate and precise taekwondo history. The purpose of this study is to establish an objective and valid modern Taekwondo history by clarifying the establishment date of Songmoo-gwan. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the following three detailed questions will be considered. First, what are the existing theories regarding the establishment of Songmoo-gwan? Second, what facts do the four primary sources provide as evidence for the establishment of Songmoo-gwan? Third, how will we objectively judge the establishment of Songmoo-gwan? These three questions will be discussed by using historical and analytical research methods. The existing theory regarding the establishment of Songmoo-gwan suggests that Roh Byeongjik, the founder of Songmoo-gwan started temporary personal teaching during the Japanese annexation of Korea. In this regard, instead of an establishment of a school it is more accurate to say that Roh Byeongjik established an indoor training hall where he provided martial art training and developed a management system.Considering this point and also in accordance to the four primary sources-three newspaper articles and one photograph- the opening and founding date of Songmoo-gwan was identified as the following. Songmoo-gwan, based in Gaeseong city, began a martial art class on September 20, 1947 at the Southern Judo Hall in Dongheung-dong (formerly known as Dongbonjeong). On November 16, a grand opening ceremony was held at Songdo Middle School Auditorium. This fact was based on three newspaper articles and one photopraph. In other words, the primary sources that convey objective facts have become the main clues behind the establishment of Songmoo-gwan and its founding date. Due to evidence suggesting that Roh Byeongjik, the founder of Songmoo-gwan started his training in a Gwandeok-jeong, aswell as five other detailed reasons it is difficult to suggest that Roh Byeongjik established a school during the Japanese annexation of Korea.

본 연구의 대상은 중국 산동성 지역에 위치한 태권도장의 학부모를 중심으로 도장 관계혜택이 소비자 상호신뢰, 충성도 및 추천의도에 미치는 인과관계를 살펴보고자 총 549명의 설문지를 활용하였다. 자료처리방법은 SPSS 25.0 통계프로그램을 이용하여 빈도분석, t-test, 일원변량분석, 사후분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도 분석, 상관관계분석, 다중회귀분석을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 인구통계학적 특성에 따른 방문경로, 자녀학년에 따라 관계혜택에 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 둘째, 학부모의 관계혜택 중 경제적 혜택, 사회적 혜택, 고객화 혜택순으로 소비자 상호신뢰에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 학부모의 관계혜택 중 경제적 혜택, 고객화 혜택, 심리적 혜택, 사회적 혜택 순으로 충성도에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 넷째, 학부모의 관계혜택 중 경제적 혜택, 사회적 혜택, 고객화 혜택, 심리적 혜택 순으로 추천의도에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로, 중국의 태권도장은 관계혜택 중 경제적인 측면이 매우 중요함을 시사하고 있으며 중국 태권도장 실정에 맞는 관계마케팅 및 소비자의 행동연구에 따른 다양한 마케팅적 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of relational benefits from Taekwondo Gyms in China, which utilized consumer characteristics, on the mutual trust, loyalty, and recommendation intentions of consumers in order to provide basic data for sustainable growth of the Taekwondo industry in terms of the characteristics of consumers of Taekwondo Gyms in China and management and marketing strategies. Accordingly, data were collected from those parents who have been registered with the association in Shandong Province in China, where the Taekwondo education industry is the most active, as subjects using the convenience sampling method and a total of 549 copies of the questionnaire were analyzed. For data processing for this research, this study conducted frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multi-regression analysis using SPSS 25.0, and as a result of the analysis, this study drew the conclusion as follows: First, there were significant differences in economic and psychological benefits among parents' visit routes according to the demographic characteristics and the results of post hoc tests indicated that economic and psychological benefits were higher in the case of introduction by flyers than acquaintances. Second, among the relational benefits of parents, economic benefits had the largest significant effect on the mutual trust followed by psychological benefits, and customization in order of precedence. Third, among the relational benefits of parents, economic benefits had the largest significant effect on the loyalty followed by customization, social benefits, and psychological benefits in order of precedence. Fourth, among the relational benefits of parents, economic benefits had the largest significant effect on recommendation intentions followed by psychological benefits, and customization in order of precedence. The study findings as such indicate that among relational benefits, economic benefits are very important for Taekwondo Gyms in China and, that studies on the local relationship marketing and consumer behaviors, that fit the actual states of Taekwondo Gyms in China should be steadily conducted.

이 연구는 태권도장의 고객접점서비스, 고객지향성과 고객만족, 고객신뢰 및 고객애호도의 구조적 관계를 규명하여 태권도장의 경영환경에 전략적인 자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 연구의 목적을 규명하기 위해 태권도장 수련생의 학부모를 모집단으로 선정하였고, 이를 대상으로 편의추출법을 이용하여 285부의 설문지를 최종 연구 자료로 사용하였다. 이를 바탕으로 통계프로그램인 SPSS 23.0과 AMOS 23.0을 이용하여 빈도분석과 확인적 요인분석, 신뢰도 분석, 상관관계분석, 구조방정식모형분석 등을 연구의 목적에 맞게 활용하여 아래와 같은 연구결론을 도출 하였다. 첫째, 고객접점서비스는 고객만족에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 고객지향성은 고객만족에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 고객만족은 고객신뢰에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 고객만족은 고객애호도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 고객신뢰는 고객애호도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

The research has a purpose on searching Structural Relationships among Service Encounter on Customer, Customer Orientation, Customer Satisfaction, Customer Trust and Customer Loyalty in Taekwondo gym. In order to achieve it, 300 questionnaires were given out to Taekwondo trainees' parents. After excluding unsuitable questionnaires, a total of 285 questionnaires were used a final valid sample. For data analysis, SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0 were used for frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and structure equation model analysis. The research has drawn the following conclusions. First, the service encounter on the customer has influenced on the customer satisfaction. Second, the customer orientation has influenced on the customer satisfaction. Third, the customer satisfaction has influenced on the customer trust. Fourth, the customer satisfaction has influenced on the customer loyalty. Fifth, the customer trust has influenced on the customer loyalty.

In this study, the water quality components (pH, BOD, COD, TOC, SS, DO, TP) and the water quality, observed for 10 years (2008~2017) in the five tributaries of the Nakdong River with the highest flow rates, were analyzed. Monthly levels of the water quality components were estimated and regression functions were used to quantitatively explain the changes in the BOD and COD components, with respect to the TOC components. The results of analyzing the water quality levels in terms of the living environmental standards show that the lowest water quality was observed midstream (ST-3) and the highest water quality was observed upstream (ST-1 and ST-2). The regression function was estimated to be a linear function in all five tributaries, and the goodness of fit of the function was high upstream (ST-2), midstream (ST-3), and downstream (ST-4). According to the regression analysis using the observation data from 2008~2017, we found that the consumption of dissolved oxygen increased with an increase in organic matter in the major tributaries of the Nakdong River.

본 연구는 중학생 태권도 지도자의 리더십 유형이 선수와의 유대감, 선수만족 및 운동지속에 미치는 영향을 파악하고 더 나아가 유대감이 선수만족 및 운동지속에 미치는 영향, 선수만족이 운동지속에 미치는 영향을 규명하여 태권도 지도자의 리더십 유형에 대한 중요성과 지도자가 갖추어야 할 리더십 유형에 대한 구체적인 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 본 연구의 대상은 2018년 서울, 경기도, 충청북도, 경상북도, 경상남도, 전라북도 및 전라남도 지역에 소재하고 있는 중학생 태권도 선수를 모집단으로 선정하여 총 14개의 중학교에서 설문지를 이용하여 최종 350부의 자료가 수집되었으며, 데이터 검토를 통하여 불성실한 응답 등을 제외한 최종 314부의 자료가 분석에 이용되었다. 본 연구의 자료처리는 SPSS 23.0 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도분석, 상관관계 분석, 다중회귀분석 및 단순회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과와 논의를 통해 다음과 같은 결론이 나타났다. 이를 살펴보면, 첫째, 중학생 태권도 지도자의 리더십 유형 중 민주적 행동, 훈련과 지시행동 순으로 선수의 유대감에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 중학생 태권도 지도자의 리더십 유형 중 민주적 행동, 훈련과 지시행동 순으로 선수만족에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 중학생 태권도 지도자의 리더십 유형 중 민주적 행동, 훈련과 지시행동 순으로 운동지속에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 지도자와 선수의 유대감은 선수만족에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 지도자와 선수의 유대감 및 선수만족은 운동지속에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

This research examines the effect of taekwondo instructor' leadership on fellowship, athlete satisfaction and continued exercise to provide basic data to come up with understanding for middle school Taekwondo athletes. The participants of this research were middle school Taekwondo athletes in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollabuk-do, and Jeollanam-do province, and 314 questionnaires were used as the final data. The results of this research were drawn by frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation relative analysis, multiple regression analysis, and simple regression analysis were performed using SPSS 23.0. The results are as follow: First, the dimensions of Taekwondo instructors' leadership, democratic behavior, and training coaching behavior had a significant influence on fellowship. Second, the dimensions of Taekwondo instructors' leadership, democratic behavior, and training coaching behavior had a significant influence on athlete satisfaction. Third, the dimensions of Taekwondo instructors' leadership, democratic behavior, and training coaching behavior had a significant influence on continued exercise. Fourth, fellowship of athlete and instructors had a significant influence on athlete satisfaction. Fifth, fellowship of athlete, athlete satisfaction, and instructors had a significant influence on continued exercise.

본 연구는 관광스토리텔링을 활용한 무주 태권도원 관광콘텐츠를 개발 하고자 하였다. 태권도원은 우리나라 대표의 성지이자 태권도 브랜드로서 관광 브랜드 개발을 위해 다양한 관광스토리발굴과 콘텐츠 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 태권도원 관광 활성화를 위해 '무주 태권도원 관광콘텐츠'의 관광 스토리텔링의 개발을 목적으로 태권도원의 현황조사를 수행해 '관광스토리텔링 5단계 모형'을 적용하여 결과를 도출하였다. 본 연구결과는 첫째, '무주 태권도원 관광콘텐츠' 코스를 개발하였고, 둘째, 무주 태권도원 코스 별 스토리텔링 책 디자인을 위한 태권도원 코스 맵과 그래픽요소를 디자인 개발 하였다. 태권도원은 산세를 중심으로 조성된 길로서 대한민국을 대표하는 스포츠관광콘텐츠 중 하나이며, 무주는 태권도 관광 도시로 자리매김하고 있어 이를 결합하여 새로운 무주 태권도원의 관광콘텐츠를 만들 수 있다. 관광객과 시민들의 참여를 유도할 수 있는 감성적 스토리와 테마형 스토리를 담은 '스토리텔링'을 통해 태권도를 보다 쉽게 이해하고 체험관광까지 이어 질 수 있을 것이다.

This study aimed to investigate the development of Taekwondowon tourism contents using Tourism Storytelling. Taekwondowon is one of the most popular brands in the Republic of Korea. To develop tourism brand, it is necessary to find various tourist stories and develop contents for Taekwondowon tourism. The purpose of this study is to develop tourism storytelling of Muju Taekwondowon tour contents for the activation of Taekwondowon tourism. The results of the Taekwondowon site survey were derived using a 5 step model of tourism storytelling. In conclusion, first, 'Muju Taekwondowon Tourist Contents' course was developed. Second, we designed the Taekwondowon course map and the graphic element for story design book design by Muju Taekwondowon course. Taekwondo through storytelling with emotional and themed stories can encourage tourists and citizens to visit Taekwondowon easily and be extended to sightseeing.

본 연구의 목적은 청소년 태권도 교육 활성화를 목적으로 지난 3년간 국기원에서 실시한 중·고교 태권도 시범학교 지원사업(이하 태권도 시범학교 지원사업)을 평가하고, 시사점 도출을 통해 향후 태권도 시범학교 지원사업이 보다 의미 있는 사업으로 확대할 수 있는 방안을 탐색하는데 있다. 이를 위해 태권도 시범학교 지원사업에 참여한 교사, 학생, 지도사범들을 대상으로 심층면담을 실시하였다. 연구결과 교육 지원사업의 효과는 태권도의 교육적 효과를 재확인 하고, 융복합적 문화 장르로서 태권도의 확산 가능성을 발견하였으며, 태권도 관련학과 진학기회가 확대 되었다는 점과 건전한 학교 축제문화 창출에 기여했다는 점으로 확인하였다. 태권도 시범학교 지원사업의 문제점은 정과체육수업에 한정된 태권도 수업이 이루어진다는 점, 수준별 수업의 어려움과 학생들의 동기유발이 어려웠다는 점, 태권도를 가르친 지도사범이 평가에 배제된다는 점 등이 있었으며, 일부 지도사범의 경우 학교 현장 이해가 부족하여 어려움이 있었다는 점 등이 나타났다. 이를 통해 도출한 시사점은 운영시스템 측면, 프로그램 측면, 지도자 측면, 환경 측면으로 나누어서 기술하였으며, 결론으로 청소년들이 태권도 문화를 형성하고, 가꾸어가기 위해서 태권도 시범학교 지원사업이 지속성을 가지고 이루어질 필요가 있음을 주장하였다.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the middle and high school Taekwondo education support projects (TESP) conducted by Kukkiwon for the purpose of revitalizing youth Taekwondo education and to extend the support program of Taekwondo model school to more meaningful education program. For this purpose, we performed in-depth interviews with teachers, students, and instructors who participated in TESP. The results showed that the effectiveness of TESP reaffirmed the educational effect of Taekwondo, and found the possibility of Taekwondo as a complex cultural genre. It also contributed to the expansion of opportunities to go to Taekwondo-related department at university and to create a wholesome school festival culture. The problem of the TESP was that Taekwondo lessons were limited to regular classes and physical education classes, difficulty in class-level instruction, difficulty of motivating students, and the fact that the instructors who taught Taekwondo were excluded from the evaluation, in the case of map instructors, there were difficulties because of insufficient understanding of the school site. The implications derived from this study are divided into the operating system side, program side, leader side, and environmental side. As a conclusion, it is suggested that TESP should be carried out with sustainability in order for young people to form and cultivate Taekwondo culture.