The contemporary theories of Shari'ah is going beyond merely the explanation of the Shafi'i, Hanbali, Hanafi, Maliki, and Ja'fari. However, an evident borderline still exists in schools of law; Sunni, Shi'a and Ibadi. Moreover, some scholars still follow the four Sunni schools.
This study aims to analyze the interpretation of shariah divided into Traditionalism, Modernism and Post Modernism with the need of emergence of new classification. This new classification for fiqh is more comprehensive system than previous one. Furthermore, this system includes all shariah scholars and researchers regardless of their backgrounds and geographical locations.

The Kazakh Intellectuals in the late period of Russian Empire had been influenced by external Reform movements in Osman Empire and Tatar Turkic Intellectuals in the Russian Empire. Domestically Russian colonial policies on the Kazakh nomadic communities resulted social and economic structure of traditional Kazakh communities.
With external influences and changes of domestic kazakh communities, Kazakh modern intellectuals had been established by various social-stratum and religion backgrounds of contemporary kazakh steppe. In the late of Russian empire various kazakh intellectuals integrated into the frame of Kazakh modern intellectuals, who took lead modernization of Kazakh society and active political participations.

In the past era, earlier before establishing the modern international law and the United Nations, both conquest and military occupation were worldwide happening all over the world. This includes the period of the existence of Islamic power in the Iberian Peninsula, which some describe as an occupation of other countries territories, while others describe it as a conquest for those territories. However, the word 'conquest' almost disappeared on describing wars for long time but reappeared in some news about wars of recent era, while the word 'occupation' continued and did not disappear from our modern world. Approaching the two concepts and explaining the similarity and difference between them can clarify the indications of applying each concept and the intentions behind this.
In Arabic language, the language of Muslims holy book of Quran, the indication for the two concepts of 'conquest' and 'occupation' is totally different, in a way that many arguments can arouse to prove which of the two concepts give the right description for some cases. However, both of the two concepts have similarity in meaning on the point that both of them refer to an action using the force (usually military force) to control another country. In Arabic the difference indications of the two concepts is very obvious to show that one has a positive meaning and the other implies a negative sense of hostility. This can be clear seeing that the Arabic word for conquest (fatḥ فتح ) is only used to express Muslim rule of other countries, while the Arabic word for occupation (iḥtilāl) is used to describe foreign rule for Muslim countries. In this sense, there are Arabic writings defending the Muslim rule of Iberian Peninsula (Andalusia) calling it conquest and refuse to call it occupation.
This paper will try to discuss the difference between these two concepts (conquest, occupation), and on the other hand, it will try to apply these terms onto the case of Muslim rule in Iberian Peninsula, to determine whether it was a conquest or an occupation for the territories.

This paper will determine the nature of the politicization of Islam, analyses the causes and consequences of this process in the countries of Central Asia. The main stimulating factors behind the politicization of Islam are the collapse of the bipolar system of the world and the discrediting of the dominant communist ideology, which led to the Islamic Renaissance in the region. The negative consequence of the politicization of Islam was the spread of extremist organizations of a radical sense, which puts the security level of the countries of the region under control.
After the collapse of the former USSR, the Muslim communities of the countries of Central Asia were able to return to normal conditions of religious life, legally carry out their rites and traditions (Akbarov, 2003). Confirmation of this process is the rapid increase in the number of mosques, madrasas, higher theological schools, the emergence and active dissemination on a large scale of religious literature. It was the collapse of the former USSR that was the starting point of the Islamic Renaissance of the Central Asian region and pushed the countries of the region under study to the world of Islam. Meanwhile, in the Islamic world, there is a vigorous activity of religious-political organizations and radical extremist movements. Islam in the 20th and 21st centuries is a factor that has a direct impact on the internal and external political processes of countries at the regional and international level. The politicization of Islam is the subject of social and political tensions in the world. The disintegration of the bipolar system and the selfdestruction of the communist ideology were the stimulating factors of the politicization of Islam in the countries of Central Asia.

The conflict of the ownership and authority over East Jerusalem has been historically contested for about two thousands years. Many major empires tried to conquest the city of Jerusalem for several reasons: historical, religious, ethnic, and national. The Ottoman Empire proclaimed the so-called principle of the Status Quo in 1757 in order to resolve religious conflict over the management of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre among Christian sectors, and since then, the Status Quo has been recognized as a symbolic and legal principle for co-existence of three religion, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, in spite of power changes among great powers and states. Especially, the three religious communities of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim communities strove to keep the power-balance within East Jerusalem, recognizing the others' religious authority and tradition. But the historical tradition of the co-existence was challenged and threatened by the Israeli occupation of East Jerusalem after the Six-Day War of 1967. In particular, after the Israeli wing-wing party, Likud party, began to take power in Israeli politics, and strongly implement the policy of the Jewishness of East Jerusalem, the political competition for superiority over East Jerusalem among the three communities became strengthened, and the conflict structure among them remained complicated. Therefore, based on this historical narrative, this paper will examine the structure and dynamic of the political conflict and competition over East Jerusalem among three religious communities. Furthermore, this paper will find out the responses of the other two communities, the Muslim and the Christin communities against Israel's control policy over East Jerusalem. In the conclusion, this will also seek the possibility and prosperity of the co-existence among three communities in East Jerusalem, and the historical implication and meaning of the political and religious roles of the communities for resolving the conflict surrounding East Jerusalem.

Generally there has always been hatred of foreigners in any society. In fact, hatred of foreigners, namely xenophobia, has existed in Western society as European white supremacy or American white supremacy in particular is coupled with cultural conflict. However, this xenophobia has increased steadily in the form of Islamophobia against Muslims since the 911 terrorism in 2001. The spread of Islamophobia is a reality to worry about in that Arabs or non-Arab Muslims are falling victim to the social prejudice as they are considered as potential terrorists. It has a negative influence on the issue of Yemen refugees in Korea as well as Muslims' immigration to Europe. In addition, the flood of Arab Muslim refugees to Europe is causing even a conflict between European countries as it is interlinked with Islamophobia.
This study attempts to analyze the phenomenon of Islamophobia that is spreading with the change of the Arab world particularly after the appearance of ISIS. This phenomenon has expanded, if for no other reason, due to the 911 terrorism in 2001, the ISIS's indiscriminate terrorism after 2003 and the activities of Lone Wolf, an independent terrorist organization sympathetic to them, and the ignorance that the Western society and non-Islamic countries hostile to the Islamic world show toward Islam.
And the appearance of the fear of and hostility to Islam and Muslims in Europe is caused by a combination of the rapid increase in Muslim population, the European economic crisis and increase in unemployment, the European failure in immigrant integration policy, the right conservative and the ultraright party's irrational expression of discontent with the Muslims for their electoral strategy, and the biased distorted, and exaggerated reports of international media.

The purpose of this study is to provide basic research data on the export competitiveness for Korea's major exports to resolve sluggish exports to the GCC countries. This paper analyses market share and market comparative advantage index of Korea, USA, China and Japan. The results show that USA and Japan are still in intensifying competition with Korea and the rise of China has become a menace to Korea. We need to do various market survey to increase our export competitiveness and continue the Korea-GCC FTA negotiation in order to promote trade. Meanwhile Saudi Arabia which exercises political leverage in the region is more interested in regional bilateralism than the multilateralism of the GCC nowadays. With the current situation, it is hard to be optimistic over the resumption of negotiations so the Korean government should be prepare alternative measures for bilateral economic cooperation.