In Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, Imperialism's greed, the wilderness, and the exploitation of natural resources are all in an inseparable relationship comparable to that in an interconnected ecosystem. The narrator Charles Marlow comes to realize the moral corruption of Imperialism and the horrors of colonial rule as he ascends the Congo river towards Kurtz. Heart of Darkness is a suitable novella for postcolonial ecocriticism study for it can be studied in the aspects of globalization, diversification, and sustainability, aspects which ecocriticism focuses on lately. The paper first explores the postcolonial ecocritical approach in regard to Heart of Darkness and examines the illusion of Imperialism and the African nature which Marlow experiences for the first time. The paper then investigates the existential meaning of Kurtz's savage nature and the defiant wilderness by examining scenes of conflict between the wilderness and Imperialism. Finally, the paper observes how ivory is utilized as a double metaphor of the Illusion of Imperialist markets and the colonial exploitation of resources. (Sungkyunkwan University)

This paper suggests that Mark Twain reframes all the situations and accidents in Pudd'nhead Wilson. By reframing, Mark Twain helps his characters view and experience events, ideas, and concepts to find more positive alternatives. In the beginning, Wilson makes an absurd joke and becomes Pudd'nhead in Dawson's Landing, an insular city where he is supposedly the smartest man. The disgraceful name buys him some time to study about fingerprints. The study contributed to him to find the actual criminal and regain his good reputation. Mark Twain visualizes all the different perspectives of other characters while demonstrating ironical personalities so that his work keeps coherence. He adopts technically extraordinary twins, impostors, changelings, and characters with double vision and inherent and genteel values to show duality in human beings. Therefore, those ironical characters have been often considered incoherent; so was Mark Twain. However, similar to a person with the point of views of passengers and a cub pilot in his life on the Mississippi, Twain sees the world of Dawson's Landing in his characters' ambivalent eyes so that he can create a positive image of the world. The infamous slavery system saves Tom Driscoll's life despite his criminal offense. Moreover, the ironies from Pudd'nhead Wilson's Calendar at the beginning of each chapter is suitable for his cognitive reframing of the situation and contents in Pudd'nhead Wilson. (Konyang University)

The purpose of this study is to examine how the theme changed compared to his early novels, focusing on the novel J. M. Coetzee's Diary of a Bad Year. Coetzee's novels have changed dramatically by being boldly out of its past form and themes that have been shaped in the past through later novels and using new issues in a new form. Among them, it is Diary of a Bad Year that is at the center of change. This article is about how the novels of South African diaspora writer is turning to new forms and themes is related to spatial migration and how this fact applies in Diary of a Bad Year. In this discussion, it is considered to be an important issue to study what changes Coetzee, who has embodied the issue of racism and ethics, is attempting to make in his novel after moving to Australia. Therefore, this study will examine how the writer reflects those themes to this novel by crossing public writing and private writing, and summarize the effects of migration of autobiographical space on narrative. (Kwangju University)

This paper analyzes the quest for identity of a young African-American woman whose subjectivity is affected and determined by colorism internalized within the African-American community in Toni Morrison's God Help the Child. In the novel, Bride, a professional woman with deep black skin, seems to reestablish her self successfully separate from the traumatic past. In the process of the narrative, her body is foregrounded as an authorized site of building the new identity. As the narrative develops, however, she comes to confront her identity crisis, which also emerges through the body being transformed. The signs of her body conversion into a little girl are linked to the past trauma and secret that the narrative revolves around and reveals gradually. Therefore, this study centers on Bride's body transformation in relation to her trauma and the narrative structure of revelation. (Gyeongsang National University)

This study focuses on how a main character, Gloria becomes visible consumables from invisible human in Gloria written by Branden Jacobs-Jenkins. This play is the story of Gloria, who has worked for a magazine for 15 years, and who one day kills her colleagues and kills herself in a shooting rampage. That is because Gloria was treated as an invisible human by her colleagues. Crucially, she invited them to her housewarming party, but only Dean came and the rest of the colleagues didn't come. Gloria realized her own existence and committed this great crime. Survivors create another Gloria that is not real to make money from the shocking incident. Regardless of the fact, many books about Gloria were published and even Nan's book about Gloria will be made into a movie. Gloria was always alone when she was alive, but she became famous in the mass media after her death. In other words, Gloria has become visible consumables from invisible human. This is a satire on the present global world, especially American society. (Chonbuk National University)

This paper analyzes Richard Flanagan's Booker Prize winning novel, The Narrow Road to the Deep North, from the perspective of the antipodean relation between war and ethics. Some critics criticize the excessive complexity caused by to too much events and elements featured in the narrative. However, in the novel the line and the circle form the major antipodean relation, and around the symbols many other elements are systematically arranged. Among the oppositional elements I focus on the antipodes of war and ethics. The war in the novel is depicted as the extreme effacement and instrumentalization of individuals for the purpose of building the railroad and ethics as the ultimate cure for the wounds by the unconditional welcoming of the returned Australian soldiers. (Jeonbuk National University)

This paper examines aspects of characters and space in Alison's House by Susan Glaspell. Alison's house signifies a family steeped in traditions and cultivated aspirations. The play consists of 3 Acts, where the space of 1st and 2nd Act is the library of the house, and the one of 3rd Act is Alison's room. All the characters of the play reminisces and recollects Alison who died 18 years ago. Even though she does not exist on stage, she is always with other people on the stage. On behalf of Alison, there is continual reflection from other characters. Thus, Alison's house works as heterotopia, where present and past coexist on stage. The library, the main space for Stanhope, patriarch, plays the role of Power container. The space controls and makes people conform to its power and 'habitus', which is ingrained habits, skills, and dispositions. Alison, who loved a married man, had to give up this love and follow Stanhope's order because of the family's reputation. Love with a married man would have been disgraceful for the Stanhope family's honour. This was habitus in 19th century and it was controlled by the space, the family house. Alison secluded herself in her room, but she endured and sublimated her agony and love in poems. She makes her room 'chora space', which is designated as pregnant and productive space for women. (Sungkyul University)

This paper leads off with the question that the inherent properties of the infinitival phrases are idiosyncratically different in terms of the readings of rationale/purposive phrases. This paper pilots their distributions as to how they are well grammatically expatiated upon in English textbooks. The rationale and purposive infinitival phrases are very closely akin to each other: the former subclassified as an objective-reading infinitival phrase and the latter as a relative-reading phrase. Therefore, the slippery readings of the infinitival phrases should be disambiguated. The knotty issue arising from the construal of rationale and purposive phrases must be properly accounted for because a rationale reading is fundamentally different in its function and behavior from a purposive reading. Such being the case, the distinctive use of infinitival phrases comes to the question of how we are to construe the differential meanings in their contexts. (Woosuk University)

The purpose of the present study is to examine the implicational generalization of the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy (NPAH) under two instructional contexts. According to the NPAH, indirect object (IO) relative clause is seen as more marked than direct object (DO) and subject (SU) relative clause, suggesting that the hierarchy may be implicational with respect to the difficulty order of acquisition or learnability (Gass, 1979). In addition, Implicational Generalization Hypothesis (IGH), proposed by Hamilton (1991), posits that knowledge of more marked forms implies the knowledge of less marked ones. All in all, this study aims to investigate Korean middle school L2 learners' generalization of knowledge of IO relative clause to SU and DO relative clauses under two experimental conditions, which are inductive and deductive instruction respectively. The knowledge of relative clauses were measured by Sentence Combination Task (SCT) and Interpretation Task (IT). The findings demonstrated that Korean middle school learners can generalize knowledge of IO to less marked SU and DO relative clauses only when they learn IO relative clauses under the condition of deductive instruction. The pedagogical implications will be discussed. (Chungang Univesrity & Mokwon University)

The central aim of this study is to provide a morphological and semantic analysis of Old English (OE) Double-Suffixed (DS) nouns, adjectives, and adverbs on the basis of the theoretical framework of Construction Morphology (CxM) (Booij 2010) and the semantic concept of Sense Inheritance (Bauer & Valera 2015). The results of this study are as follows. First, it is identified that there are 90 morphological patterns of OE [SF1-SF2] combinations, where there are 287 types of DS derivatives. Second, OE DS derivatives bear either regular (transparent) or idiosyncratic (Opaque or Pleonastic) formal and semantic properties, which have been specified clearly and simply in abstract schemas based on CxM. Third, as to the analysis of idiosyncratic (Pleonastic) DS derivatives, by following Booij (2007, 2008) and Booij & Audring (2018) in CxM, this article claims that pleonasm in OE DS nouns and adjectives is viewed as the phenomenon of Overcharacterization that occurs to increase the systematization and the coherence in the lexicon of OE. Fourth, from the perspective of Sense Inheritance, this study concludes that the regular (transparent) DS derivatives are in general totally inherit the properties from Single-Suffixed (SS) derivatives that are the bases for DS derivatives. On the other hand, the idiosyncratic (Opaque or Pleonastic) DS derivatives display the semantic patterns that correspond to Overall Inheritance, Semantic Narrowing and Semantic Widening. (Hankyong National University)