It has been argued hitherto that 3rd person pronoun does not exist in Spoken Korean. However, examination of attested spoken Korean data reveals that the forms yay/kyay/cyay (phonologically and orthographically fused forms of the construction [demonstratives i/ku/ce + ai 'child']) have very high degree of 3rd person pronominal uses, showing high frequency of occurrence. The aim of this paper is to describe various 3rd person pronominal uses of these three forms by analyzing naturally occurring spontaneous conversational data collected from the 21st Century Sejong Corpus, as well as spoken data collected from diverse TV programs. Observation of the data reveals that yay/kyay/cyay have a functional restriction, not being able to refer a third party whose social and cultural hierarchy is higher than the speaker. Hence, this paper proposes that they function as 'non-polite 3rd person pronouns', to be precise, in spoken Korean. Furthermore, a closer examination shows that the three forms yay, kyay, and cyay also have uses that are distinct from each other. This study argues that their functional differences are directly connected to the functional differences between the three forms of demonstratives i, ku, ce, which etymologically form parts of yay, kyay and cyay, respectively.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the meaning of possibilities among the usage of French condition mood within the framework of Jean-Pierre Descles' aspecto-temporal theory and to graphically represent it by relying on the concept of temporal frame of reference. In other words, we analyze examples that have the meaning of present and past impossibilities, such as presenting facts that are possible in the present or future, or opposing current facts or opposing past facts. In consequence of these analyses, we try to visualize the subtle temporal semantic effects of possibilities and to capture semantic constants or invariants. This study will analyze the examples of 'si p, q' types which have the meaning of possibility among the usages of the French conditional mood. This will visually distinguish between situations of possibility or impossibility and the actual meaning of the enunciative frame of reference. This study can be used effectively for educational purposes for people learning French as an applied study. It is also expected to contribute to the extraction of efficient results based on linguistic semantic analysis for mechanical translation and automatic summarization.

This paper is to investigate the factors which internally or externally influence the Korean EFL adult learners' use of the English articles. To achieve this, this study will look into what aspect of article use is the most difficult or the least for the Korean EFL learners and what factors influence their article use internally and externally. To examine them, this study scrutinized the English article use of 78 Korean EFL adult learners. While practicing this procedure, this study gained the following findings: the English article use of Korean EFL adult learners was affected internally by the countability of nouns and externally the syntactic difference between English and their frist language and their English proficiency. By doing these matters, we will be sure that what has been suggested can be offered as a source for Korean EFL learners to overcome the difficulty in attaining the English articles.

Our work aims to describe the synonymic Korean verbs Japda and Jwida, and to distinguish their similarity and difference of meaning in order to formalize them. For this work, the model we have chosen is the semantic cognitive scheme proposed by Descles. This model is widely used for the semantics of French verbs, prepositions and prefixes. Semantic formalization often tends to neglect differences of meaning in synonymes. Through this work, we also want to see if our semantic cognitive formalization apparatus is able to effectively raise the differences of Japda and Jwida. Generally, our scheme has double representation, one of which is provided with a series of indexed squares of semantic primitives and the other is an applicative expression. We take the last one for lack of space.

In this paper we investigate a mismatch between predictions based on phonetic studies and those based on phonological theory in Russian vowel reduction. From a phonological point of view, /a/, /o/ of the non-stressed position is neutralized to [a] or [ə] in a specific environment. However, it was analyzed through voice experiments whether or not the /a/, /o/ which differ from the underlying form in the phonological viewpoint, show a phonetic difference in the environment of neutralization. Experiments were conducted on 10 Russian speakers who used Russian as their mother tongue. Experiments show that the vowel reduction of /a/, /o/ in the non-stressed position did not match the phonological analysis and was not completely neutralized in phonetics. Also, the vowel formants were different. The reason for this was that length and intensity varied depending on the location of the accent because Russian is a stress-timed language, and another reason was that the spelling had an impact on the pronunciation.

Conceptual metaphor is a mapping between elements of a source domain and those of a target domain. From the background knowledge of the elements of the source domain, we draw inferences. When those inferences are mapped onto the target domain, we can obtain metaphorical entailments related to the target domain. The entailments contribute to framing our thinking. This paper explores how metaphorical entailments guide us to think in one or another way, through the comparison of metaphors utilized in two newspaper headlines regarding the case of the arrest warrant for Samsung's Lee Jae-yong. Supporting Lakoff (2000, 2002, 2004) and Lakoff and Wehling (2012), the paper reveals that very simple metaphorical words utilized in different newspapers create different frames, shaping our thinking at a subconscious level.