This paper aims to introduce phenomenological linguistics which focuses on intentionality of language similar to phenomenology in philosophy which emphasises intentionality of consciousness. Communication is normally considered as the main function of language. In the process of communication, language goes towards the hearer from the speaker. No one can imagine language without a hearer. We can call this aspect intentionality of language which has been totally ignored in modern linguistics. Intentionality cannot be found in general language, individual language nor idiolect. Therefore, I propose a new type of linguistics, namely phenomenological linguistics which unveils a new type of language with intentionality, namely dividual language composed of situational languages. An individual can be divided into plural dividuals who have their own languages, i.e. dividual languages. Phenomenological linguistics provides a new critical point of view in which to re-interpretate the results of previous studies and discover hidden issues in the field of humanities beyond linguistics.

This study has demonstrated that pseudo-somatization idioms, which are formally similar to the description of the physical symptoms by the patients with somatization disorder but differ completely in terms of motivation and function of use, constitute an independent category among body word-based idioms. While the somatization disorder patients express their mental illness with the body terms, the speaker of the pseudo-somatization idioms expresses his or her negative emotions regardless of the actual physical condition or any physical change. In addition, there are 'body-concept idioms' that result from defining certain body parts or organs as the source of specific emotions. The cultural differences of psychosomatic language are believed to reflect the existence of a cultural filter that is effective in conceptualizing and expressing mental experiences. This study attempted to approach the cultural specificity that led to such conceptualization through the notion of mind-body unity and cultural filters of the language community by examining the pseudo-somatization idioms resulting from the conceptualization of the mental experience through the body.

Lexical inferencing, which is an effective vocabulary development strategy, has been investigated by many researchers in the field of reading to date; however, it has received far too little attention in listening. In this context, this paper explores the role of L1 lexicalization patterns in lexical inferencing in listening. To this end, a listening experiment was carried out with 15 short texts containing 15 target words to both native (N=8) and four groups of non-native (N=32) speakers of English. We included 15 Motion verb target words since Chinese, Korean, and Japanese are known to have different lexicalization patterns for Motion events. The results show that the two groups of Chinese-speaking participants achieved higher inferencing scores than the Korean- and Japanese-speaking participants because English and Chinese have similarities in lexicalization patterns of Motion events. In addition, Korean and Japanese listeners achieved significantly different inferencing scores, although these two languages are categorized into the same typological group. Hence, it is proposed that L1 lexicalization patterns play an essential role in guessing the meaning of target words in listening. We also present some results on the knowledge sources used in the lexical inferencing of the target words.

The purpose of this study was to examine the interlanguage phonology of advanced Swedish learners of Korean. The phonological systems of Korean and Swedish were compared to find out the difficulties in acquiring the phonological knowledge of Korean consonants, vowels, and phonological phenomena. The speech samples produced by three Korean learners (two females and one male) residing in Stockholm were analyzed to find out the major errors caused by their native language. The following results were obtained: the advance Swedish learners of Korean substituted aspirated stops for lenis stops in word-initial positions, but they substituted fortis stops for lenis stops in word-medial positions. In terms of vowels, mid-back vowels were hard to acquire for most subjects. With regard to the interference of the native language, the pronunciation of the article “-(e)n” and the phenomenon of “g-excrescence” were intensively discussed. It was confirmed that a large portion of the spoken language of Swedish advanced Korean learners was caused by interference in their native language; however, several errors also occurred due to failure to adequately learn the phonetic characteristics or phonological phenomena of the target Korean language. What is noteworthy in this study was that the author identified fossilized errors still occurring in advanced learners who have been studying Korean for more than five years and speak Korean on a daily basis, and some teaching methods were suggested for pronunciation by manipulating the speech sounds.

This study compared presence of the definite article before the pre-nominal possessive in European Portuguese with its absence in Brazilian Portuguese. The distributional difference of the definite article between these two dialects is not due to the specification of the definite article but to the level of grammaticalization of the definite article. It is argued here that the assumption of the expletive definite article is not an option in this language to explain its presence before the possessive. Rather, the differentiation of adjective possessive and determiner possessive is more useful in the light of the evolution of the definite article from Latin demonstratives.

Quantitative expressions are generally used very frequently, and they are frequently in Korean. It is very easy to find similar representations in Chinese and Korean due to the geographical proximity between the two countries. However, in terms of the quantitative structures, clear distinctions are observed between the two languages. The changes in the grammatical elements happen gradually, and they occur overnight. In addition, many categories or elements change at different rates, and the time and speed of the changes are all different. Therefore, the phenomenology of the two different languages must be observed from multiple perspectives, rather than using simplified approaches. In this study, the researcher aimed to review the history of the changes in the quantitative structures in Chinese and Korean and why these two languages differ in terms of quantitative structures.