The purpose of the research study is to compare honorific expressions appearing in 『Worinseokbo』 (volume 11-19)and 『Beophwagyeongeonhae』 (volume 1-7) and to understand the patterns to realize such expressions. The result of the study reveals that the two literatures not only reflect the relationships with the speaker and characters but also the attitude of the writer toward those people, to a considerable extent, in the process of realizing honorific expressions. It is confirmed that compared with the translator of 『Worinseokbo』, the one of 『Beophwagyeongeonhae』 was even more careful of honorific expressions. This demonstrates that 『Beophwagyeongeonhae』 has the character of word-for-word translation, but in the case of the usage of honorific expressions, the compiler of 『Beophwagyeongeonhae』, used more and more honorific expressions to write the descriptions of Buddha or the behaviors of figures who became the object of admiration, than the one of 『Worinseokbo』 did.

This paper aims to analyse the syntactic structure of numeral classifier constructions of Hungarian and Korean within the framework of X-bar theory of Alberti Gabor(2005). Hungarian has numeral classifiers for certain 'countable' nouns, which can be interpreted in two meanings: counting v. measuring. Korean, as a language with numeral classifiers, has two types of constructions: 'Noun-initial' and 'Noun-final'. Furthermore, the word-order variations of Korean sentence with numeral classifier constructions are to be explained in terms of the discourse-semantic projections of functional categories.

This paper attempts to investigate the development of the English motivative complex preposition by virtue of which derived from a lexical item from a grammaticalization perspective. Among a large variety of members in the prepositional category, complex prepositions whose meanings still bear the lexical meanings deserve special attention because they are semi-grammatical items being on the borderland at the grammatical continuum. With this intriguing phenomenon, our major concern focuses on the complex preposition by virtue of which exhibits typical properties of grammaticalization processes. For the discussion of the development of this form, several issues, such as i) historical route this form emerged; ii) its categorial status within the same grammatical domain; and iii) its functional specialization in the prepositional category, are suggested. To explore the evolution of this motivative case marking, the historical and synchronic corpora are exploited.

The purpose of this study is to suggest teaching items and content on exam answers that need to be covered in textbooks for academic writing in Korean in order to improve foreign students' ability to write exam answers. To do so, earlier studies on textbooks for academic writing for Koreans and the exam answers of Koreans were analyzed first to identify the characteristics of writing exam answers. The results indicate that writing exam answers requires systematically organizing the structure of answers to meet the requirements of exam questions and presenting proper grounds for answers in context to clearly display what each type of questions requires. To examine how well these characteristics of writing exam answers are reflected in KAP textbooks, those that contain the content of writing exam answers were analyzed based on evaluation items including textbooks' structure, content, expression and practice activity. It was found that many of them failed to meet the standards of each item. Based on the results, this study suggested the structure of a unit for writing exam answers that needs to be reflected in textbooks in order to ensure students learn the characteristics of exam answers as a genre.

Hand gestures we unconsciously use when speaking reflect image schema. This study examines hand gestures of debaters on a MBC TV show, A Hundred Minute Debate, on the assumption that hand gestures we unconsciously use reflect container schema, one of the major image schemata. Various events or actions can be expressed in the conceptual structure of container, content, or boundary. This is similar to how meaning is dealt with in oral language. Consequently, gesture is a means of understanding and expressing meanings as much as verbal language.

It is difficult to find the accurate meanings of grammatical modalities because they express speaker's subjective assessment of the status of the proposition and have various ranges of scale. Based on the onomasiological approach, it can identify the concepts of deontic modality and finds obligative markers for each language. And the meaning of each marker is defined not by the sense of dictionary or transliteration, but by the denotation of examplars in the situations of context. In this study, the probabilistic semantic map using parallel translation text is used to compare the ranges of meaning and subtle difference of each obligative marker. The English must represents strong obligation by the speaker's authority, less strong obligation, and epistemic meaning. Korean -eya ha- and Russian dolzen mainly represents strong obligation and less strong obligation. Mandarin Chinese bixu, however, represents less strong and neutral obligations. This probabilistic semantic map enables us to grasp subtle differences in meaning between grammatical elements, which can be useful for grammar descriptions, foreign language education, and translation.

The phonology of the Proto-Indo-European Language (PIE) has been reestablished by comparing the reflexes among the daughter languages which developed from it. Centum languages and satem languages are PIE's daughter languages and are divided according to how the dorsal or velar stops of the reconstructed PIE developed. It is well known that the reconstructed PIE consonantal system is said to have three series of dorsal stops, namely palatals or palatovelars, (plain/pure) velars and labiovelars. However, this traditional reconstructed system fails to satisfy the phonetic and phonological typological facts synchronically and diachronically. For this reason, scholars attempt to reinterpret and reestablish the system in question. In this paper we have reviewed four main putative system based on two different standards. One is how many dorsal stop series the PIE system is the most likely have, and the other is what consonants the PIE system is the most likely have. What we have found from the discussion is that the system with velar stops and labiovelar stops is the most eligible for the theory of phonetics and phonology and their typology rather than the one with three series of velar stops, namely, palatovelar stops, velar stops and labiovelar stops.(Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)