Inverted English imperative clauses such as Don't you leave! share the same word order and scope facts with interrogative clauses. Based on this observation, Potsdam (2007) argues that the T-to-C movement optionally takes place in English imperative clauses. However, if this is so, why does this “optionality” exist? Regarding this question, we propose that imperative clauses can undergo focus movement when there is a focalized constituent, which results in inverted imperative clauses. In imperative clauses, n't as an affix and its affirmative counterpart Ø can be focalized if they have an interpretable [Focus] feature.

Coreference occurs when two referential forms refer to the same referent, and it contributes significantly to building a coherent representation of meaning from a text. In language usage, referential competence is required of a producer to establish communicatively and cognitively appropriate reference forms in context. For a recipient, however, it is a great challenge to correctly analyze the anaphoric reference and to determine the appropriate meaning. The present work examines how L1 influences referential usage in the L2, that is, to what extent the processing of referential forms in the L2 is affected by the L1. The results of the present study showed that (1) the subjects used syntactic strategies for coherence formation, and (2) the position in a sentence acts as a decisive criterion in the selection of anaphora. This indicates that L2 learners have access to L2-specific resources for cognitively demanding services in parallel to the general processing principle.

This article investigates the correlation between avoidance strategies and the activation of English long-distance (LD) wh-movement among L2 Korean learners. To expand the pool of resources that have already been produced and accepted on this subject, this experimental task was carried out in several complicated syntactic conditions such as definiteness and grammatical position, weight of the wh-phrase, and negative barrier. The data were elicited from 30 Korean learners who were divided into high and low-proficiency groups based on their TOEIC scores, with the aim of providing more independent results. This article suggests that L2 learners, in the process of the English LD wh-movement, are ineluctably bound to use avoidance strategies due to the difficulties related to derivational complexity and associated processing pressures.

This study investigated whether Korean-English learners display the local noun attraction effect in subject-verb agreement and whether this is affected by the animacy of the local noun and verb form (was or were). Because number representation in Korean differs according to animacy, we manipulated the animacy of the local noun, grammaticality, local noun-verb agreement, and the verb type. Nineteen Korean L2 English high-proficiency learners' eye-movements were recorded while they read subject-relative English sentences that included local nouns preceding the verbs. The results confirmed the local attraction effect in Korean L2 English (high-proficiency) learners. However, the effect seemed to be modulated by the grammaticality and types of verb rather than animacy. These results indicate that high-proficiency L2 learners display signs of native-like L2 processing.

According to Wierzbicka (1996, 2006) and Biggam(1997, 2010, 2012), the motivation to evolve a new color category is a prototype that is vital for human survival. In this paper, the following subjects are dealt with. First, the prototypes of the English color term red are associated with fire and blood. They both have bright qualities(luminosity, vividness) that are related to visibility and ease of perception. Second, through the analysis of collocations with fire, how 'red like fire' can be connected with ideas such as danger, warning, stop, violent, urgent, and sensational is discussed. Third, 'red like blood' often collocates with several body part terms and generates figurative meanings. When blood circulates within the body, the meaning of red is related to vigorous, strong emotions such as anger, love, and joy. However, when blood is found outside the body, red is used to indicate the concepts of unhealthy, violent, cruel, brutal, or illegal.

A similar affix refers to affixes in which linguistic constituents similar to affixes are combined with roots to play important roles in producing numerous derivative terms. Similar affixes can appear through grammaticalization. This study investigates the characteristics of similar affixes through the mechanism of grammaticalization. The contents of this study are as follows. First, this similar affix has various features such as the voiding of meanings, fixability of positions, strong word-formation ability, and the ability to be combined with a clause or phrase, in contrast to traditional affixes. Second, the production and characteristics of similar affixes will be discussed through the mechanisms of grammaticalization, including metaphor, metonymy, analogy, and the categorization of meanings. Third, the production of a similar affix through the mechanism of grammaticalization will be discussed. However, since some similar affixes have structural formulas that differ form the basic derivative structural formulas of Chinese word-formation, it is proposed that this can likely be explained by grammaticalization at the lexical level.