This paper analyzes -ki nominalizations in Korean. We identify two types of the -ki nominalizations, NOM-ki and GEN-ki, with distinct morphosyntactic properties. We propose an analysis along the lines of Kratzer (1996) in which the nominalizer -ki selects verbal projections of different sizes (TP and vP) to account for the observed patterns. We argue against previous accounts of -ki nominalizations, showing either that important generalizations were missed or that there were flaws in the previous analyses. We propose a novel generalization for the two types of -ki nominalizations and propose an appropriate analysis. Some outstanding issues and implications are briefly discussed.

There are many debates on how to arrange grammatical items in Korean language education. However, these grammatical items are still determined based on the appearance frequency of Korean textbooks or the intuition of Korean teachers or Korean language education experts. The purpose of this study is to select the grammatical elements involved in the Korean conjunctive system based on systematic standards and arrange them appropriately according to the level. We first look at the realization of the conjunctive system that is realized in Korean and classify Korean conjunctive endings. And we selected the conjunctive ending point according to the grammatical item selection criterion. And array criterion is proposed to arrange the connection endings according to the learning level.

In this paper, we analyzed vowel coalescence of Ryukyuan within the framework of element theory. Base on the element theory, the internal structure of Ryukyuan vowels are analyzed. And relationship between elements that consist each vowels is revealed. The loss of the operator element explains the vowel raising of Ryukyuan, resulting in /e/ to [i] and /o/ to /u/. And the vowel coalescence of Ryukyuan can be analyzed by composition of elements following the vowel raising. Due to the composition of elements, vowels are realized as [i:], [u:] [e:], and [o:] in vowel coalescence. The composition between elements is realized in compliance with licensing principle of Ryukyuan monothong. In addition, it can be seen that the reason why element U is eliminated by a head collision when element I and element U are combined is because element U of Japanese is weaker than element I.

Previous work on L2 sentence processing shows that L2 learners are sensitive to the greater processing complexity of object relative clauses as compared with subject relative clauses in English as are native speakers of the language. The exact locus of this effect within the relative clause, however, is yet to be empirically determined. In a self-paced reading paradigm with 27 Korean university students, English object relative clauses with an animate subject were contrasted with those that contained an inanimate subject (e.g. The woman that the teenager on the car injured ... vs. The woman that the accident on the road inured ...). Comparable simple sentences embedded as an extraposed that-clause were also tested as a control (e.g., It was verified that the teenager/accident on the road injured the woman ...). The results suggest that the processing difficulty of object relative clauses materializes before the relative clause verb, and that animacy effects appear at both the subject and verb of the relative clause but in different patterns. The findings are discussed in relation to sentence processing theories.

According to the Speech Learning Model (SLM, Flege 1987, 1995), L2 learners have more difficulty perceiving an L2 sound when it is phonetically more similar to its corresponding L1 sound. Japanese L2 learners of English perceived English /ɹ/ better than /l/ because Japanese [ɾ] is acoustically more similar with [l] than with [ɹ], and it was explained by the SLM (Aoyama et al. 2004). Their study has been extended to Korean learners' perception and production of English /l/ and /ɹ/ in the current study. English liquids /l/ and /ɹ/ are realized as different allophones, and they may be perceived as phonetically different categories by Korean learners. Therefore, L2 liquid sounds were investigated in three different positions, word-initial, intervocalic, and word final, where phonetic similarity between L1 and L2 liquids was examined respectively. Results showed that the perceptual accuracy between /l/ and /ɹ/ was not statistically different in word-initial and intervocalic positions in case of Korean low proficiency learners. However, they perceived [ɫ] significantly better than [ɹ] in word-final position. Either /l/ or /ɹ/ was not consistently better perceived in all three positions. This suggests that phonetic similarity should be considered at the allophonic phonetic level rather than contrastive phonemic level.

Evidentiality is an independent grammatical category to express the information source of the statement. This paper aims to provide a contrastive analysis of evidentiality in Georgian and Korean. In Georgian, perfect represents inference as an evidential strategy, and the quotative particles are used as a quotative evidential. Korean has five evidential choices instead of the previously suggested three choices. Based on universal semantic parameters of evidential systems and the cross-linguistic comparison of the evidential strategies of Georgian, this paper argues that the Korean periphrastic construction -ul kesi- is an assumption evidential marker and the particle -tako is a quotative evidential maker.

The purpose of this study is to quantitatively analyze the phoneme frequencies of the pronunciation in the Entries of Korean Dictionary 『Urimalsaem』. I have divided the syllables into onset, nucleus, and coda, then investigated the frequencies of each element. The order of frequency of the onsets is /ㄱ, ㄷ, …, ㅋ, ㅃ/, nucleus is /ㅏ, ㅣ, …, ㅞ, ㅒ/, and codas is /ㅇ, ㄴ, …, ㅂ, ㄷ/. And I have investigated it in a way of comparison by separating onset, nucleus, and coda into word-initial, word-medial, and word-final position. If analysis results are represented by one syllable according to the position of the syllable, it can be said to '강' in the word-initial, '항' in the word-medial, and '당' in the word-final, this syllable is the most used in each position. The result gained from this study is a basic and important knowledge of the characteristics of the Korean phonology.

This paper inquires how Syntax-Semantic interface interacts with nominal licensing within the framework of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995 et seq), a derivational model of grammar under which Syntax strictly precedes Semantics. Within this view, syntactic operations should not be motivated by semantic features even though they may be present in Syntax. The inquiry is pursued by investigating three seemingly independent case phenomena in Korean: Accusative adverbial nominals, Accusative Case alternation/stacking and Part-whole constructions. I demonstrate that Syntax-Semantics compatibility is crucial to licensing of nominals in Korean and propose that nominal licensing in general may even be reduced to LF legibility. The theoretical implication is that Legibility Conditions inspect not only the erasure of uninterpretable features but also non-feature-related, general semantic well-formedness.

In Old English, Fricative Voicing and g-Spirantization fail to apply to geminates whereas Palatalization freely applies to geminates. Such difference in the applicability of phonological processes to geminates relies on the question whether the nature of a phonological process is lenition or not. On the basis of the observation that geminate consonants tend to resist lenition processes, the present paper proposes that geminate inalterability/alterability in Old English can be accounted for by specifying the distinction between singleton segments and geminate segments in relevant markedness constraints and thus restricting lenition processes to affecting short segments only.

It is obvious that languages differ in their phonology and thus phonological systems also differ from one language to another. However, phonological systems of human languages are not unorganized sets of simple gatherings of speech sounds but are structured with some principles concerning articulatory perceptual and cognitive levels. In concrete, we believe that there must be certain principles that control what types of sounds languages take in their systems from the several hundred sounds. It is generally said that phonological systems are trade-offs between the 'ease of articulation' and 'perceptual salience'. With these constraints, languages organize their speech sounds according to phonation types such as obstruents and sonorants and share some common sounds which we believe to be typological phonetic and phonological universals. we will see in this paper how the consonantal systems of the Slavic languages (Russian, Polish, Czech and Serbo-Croatian) are close to or far from the general aspect of human languages that can be seen in UPSID. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)