This study aims to discuss presentation strategies of the media and semantic and grammatical structures for executing the strategies and to see how the presentation of progressives has changed depending on ruling political powers by conducting topos and transitivity analysis on how 'progressive social participants' are presented on the news, focusing on SBS < 8 NEWS > during the Roh Moo-hyun administration and the Lee Myung-bak administration. The analysis result displayed that although topos of character, topos of culture and topos of threat existed during both the Roh Moo-hyun administration and the Lee Myung-bak administration, more negative aspects were found in the Lee Myung-bak regime than in the Roh Moo-hyun regime. In particular, topos of threat concerning crimes and topos of uselessness appeared during the Lee Myung-bak regime, while they did not appear during the Roh Moo-hyun regime. This means there was a high possibility of coercing progressives as a negative social participant under the Lee Myung-bak administration rather than under the Roh Moo-hyun administration, since this repeated employment of topos stereotypes social participants and ends up with a common-sense assumption when it comes to 'defining progressives'. The result of transitivity analysis also showed that progressives was more described as a negative participant under the Lee Myung-bak administration than under the Roh Moo-hyun administration, which means all the analysis findings converge into the above conclusion. These results of topos and transitivity analysis demonstrate that the presentation of progressives has (negatively) changed depending on ruling political powers and that the changes in ruling political powers have influenced the presentation of specific participants in the media. This study has significance by peeking into part of the operation system of power, which negatively described progressives as 'they' and persuaded the people to agree, producing and spreading the legitimacy of 'we' rule through the media.

Role shift in sign languages is a linguistic mechanism that allows signers to change his/her perspective to other characters within a given discourse. This enables signers to report others' words, thoughts and actions. This paper deals with the quotational aspect of role shift of Korean Sign Language with a focus on the indexical shift of first and second person pronouns as well as temporal and locative adverbs whose interpretation shifts to the point of view of the quoted context. Major findings of the indexical shift in Korean Sign Language are as follows. First, first and second pronouns shift obligatorily. Second, both temporal and locative adverbs shift optionally. Third, due to the optionality of certain lexical items, sentences with mixed indexical shifts are possible. Fourth, pronouns can shift not only to the perspective of the quoted addresser but also the quoted addressee. We adopt Quer(2011)'s analysis where Point of View Operator (PVOp), which is proposed to materialize in certain nonmanual morphology, performs the grammatical function of the role shift. In addition, we propose that it is necessary to categorize indexical items in a given language as their sensitivity to shift varies.

This research explored the causal nature of the asymmetrical input of bilingual development in the first language and English as a second language between adults and children in their first language country. It explained the disparity of changeability of adults and children in second (mainly English) language acquisition in countries where English is the national language in terms of the learning process practiced in schools as well as bilingual memory. Adults' learning experiences and structures of bilingual memory require different cognitive processes in speaking than early bilinguals and native speakers. Next, this research described the core and unique processes of developing adults' speaking skills in English language acquisition based on theories of bilingual memory. The processes of speaking English consisted of the plan of message in their first language, frequent interlingual translations between their first language and English, and self-regulated articulation focusing on English phonology while repressing the articulation of their first language. Sociocultural interactions with a teacher and peers in the English classroom acted as a means of scaffolding.

We investigated (1) whether the preferred interpretation of ambiguous Korean comparative constructions would be shifted depends on lexical-semantic features, (2) whether the processing differences between the Plain-NP comparatives and the Clausal-NP comparatives would be revealed during online processing, and (3) whether the parallelism effect in comparative sentences would occur. The results in sentence completion and comprehension tasks showed that participants recognized the difference between the Plain-NP comparatives and the Clausal-NP comparatives and distinguished them according to the meaning-based information such as the typicality of an event structure and the semantic relationship between the nouns which were the objects of comparing. The linear mixed-effects regression models in the eye-tracking experiment revealed that the reading times when the nouns with semantically-related information were used were significantly faster than when the proper names were used. However, the parallelism effect was not revealed significantly. Taken together, our results indicate that semantic information does affect processing ambiguous comparatives, while it is unlikely that this effect is sufficient to lead the parallelism effect.

This paper offers a syntactic analysis of the distribution of plural marking for and anaphoric interpretations of Korean post-nominal numeral classifier (post-NC) phrases in a narrative sequence. In particular, this paper has two specific goals. First, we aim to identify the syntactic structure of Korean post-NC phrases and to provide a derivational account of how the restrictions on plural marking due to the [±humanity] feature of the associate NP are affected by pre-nominal modifiers. Second, we argue, based on its anaphoric interpretations in the context of narrative sequence, that a null argument taking a post-NC phrase as its antecedent is a substituted NP.

This study discusses whether Korean speakers improved their pronunciation of the English voiced alveopalatal fricative /ʒ/ by listening to an English speaker's pronunciation and self-correcting their pronunciation of it. Korean does not have this consonant in its phonemic inventory. However, since a voiceless counterpart to it is found in Korean as an allophone of the, Korean speakers may produce it as a voiceless consonant due to L1 transfer. In addition, previous studies reported that Korean alveopalatal consonants were in fact alveolar consonants. Thus, Koreans may produce it as an alveolar fricative. To investigate these possibilities, its acoustic properties were analyzed in terms of frication noise durations, spectral peak locations, and spectral moments. The statistical results showed that the Koreans did not produce a voiceless alveolar fricative after the self-correction but produced a fricative that was closer to the voiced alveopalatal fricative. The Koreans' and the English speakers' productions of it shared the characteristics of some acoustic properties.

The main purpose of this paper is to examine how listeners' experience (the extent of exposure to the non-native accented speech or the familiarity with the non-native accent) influences the judgments of Non-native Korean Speech (NNKS), specifically Arabic-accented speech of Korean. Thirty-four native Korean language speakers were selected as listeners and were asked to rate Arabic-accented Korean speech of eight native Arabic speakers in terms of comprehensibility and accentedness. Half of the group was experienced with the Arabic language, and the other half was not, and only ten of them had experienced the Arabic language for a period of one year or more. As a result, the experienced group showed higher ratings in terms of comprehensibility, suggesting that the experience with non-native accent plays an important role in judging how easy to understand NNKS. The listeners showed significant differences in judging accentedness based on the length of their experience, in which the listeners with long experience showed higher sensitivity toward the degree of non-native accent. However, no significant difference was noticed in terms of comprehensibility or accentedness based on the listener's cognition of his familiarity with Arabic-accented speech.

This study aimed to explore the grammaticalization of the postpositions -ey tayhay and -ey kwanhay. These two Korean postpositions are derived from verbs which are of Sino-Korean origin. Since they are derived from verbs, their meanings are transparent (V-adpositions, Heine 1997). Still, the postpositions allow the insertion of other morphemes at the end of their construction; thus, they are in the early grammaticalization stage and show the correlated changes suggested by Traugott (2013). The correlated principles and mechanisms captured in the two postpositions will be explained. By using a corpus, we will compare differences in frequency between the two postpositions as well. Also, English prepositions that have a relational meaning like the above mentioned Sino-Korean postpositions will be discussed to show the relationship between a source meaning and a target meaning.

This study aimed to determine the differences between tonal and non-tonal language listeners regarding their ability to detect tones in a pitch range of high (H), medium (M), and low (L) tones. A total of 20 Korean and Chinese listeners participated in the perception experiment. The experiment was divided into two parts, characterized by the number of syllables and the position of the tones. For example, a word /bāi/ was read in the first Mandarin Chinese tone, which is the highest-pitched tone in the pitch range. Then, the syllable was manipulated by lowering the tone 12 times in sequence per semitone. Consequently, a total of 13 perception stimuli appear in the environment of one syllable or the first or second syllable of a two-syllable unit. After listening to the three kinds of stimuli, the listeners were required to identify the pitch height by designating it H, M, or L. The experimental results confirmed that all the Chinese listeners were able to distinguish between the H, M, and L tones. Although the Korean listeners were able to discern the extremely high and low tones, they had difficulty distinguishing the tones in the M range. Specifically, the Korean listeners often incorrectly designated H and L tones as M tones. As the number of syllables increased, the Korean listeners' ability to properly categorize tones in the M range deteriorated. In summary, we found that tonal language listeners can better distinguish between the H, M, and L pitch ranges, while non-tonal language listeners have difficulty categorizing the various pitches.

This study presents the results of an online experiment with Korean L2 learners of English reading subject and object relative clauses (SRCs, ORCs). In particular, it aims to explore the effects of NP type on L2 RC processing by manipulating the kind of nominals inside RCs: lexical NP and pronoun. Reading time (RT) results and offline comprehension accuracy from sixty-six Korean L2 learners of English and fifteen native English speakers reveal a clear pronoun advantage for the ORC for both L1 adults and L2 learners. These findings suggest that L2 learners, like native English speakers, are sensitive to discourse accessibility of referents in processing long-distance dependencies.