본 연구에서는 낙엽송 열처리재의 세포벽 미세구조와 항팽윤효율을 평가하고, 이들 간의 상호관계를 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 낙엽송 판재를 190°C와 220°C의 온도 조건에서 12시간, 18시간, 24시간 동안 열처리하였다. 열처리된 낙엽송재의 횡단면을 1,000배 확대하여 관찰한 결과, 열처리재의 경우 세포가 원래의 형태를 유지하지 못 했으며, 세포의 단면이 거칠게 절단되었고, 세포 간 결합이 끊어지면서 세포간극이 늘어났음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 처리 조건 별 팽윤실험 결과, 열처리 온도와 시간이 증가함에 따라 수분 흡수량과 팽윤량이 감소하였으며, 항팽윤효율은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 수분 흡수량의 감소는 열처리에 의한 세포벽의 화학적 변화에 영향을 받은 것으로 보이며, 팽윤량의 감소 및 항팽윤효율의 증가는 화학적 변화 뿐만 아니라 세포벽의 구조적인 변화와 같은 물리적인 변화가 복합적으로 영향을 미쳤기 때문인 것으로 생각된다.

In this study, the cell-wall microstructure and anti-swelling effectiveness (ASE) of heat-treated larch wood were evaluated and the correlation between them was analyzed. For this purpose, some larch lumbers were heat-treated for 12, 18, and 24 hours at temperatures of 190°C and 220°C. By observing the scanning electron microscopy cross-sectional image of the heat-treated larch, it was confirmed that the shape of heat-treated wood cell changed, the cut-section of the wood cell wall was rough, and the intercellular space has become wide as the intercellular bonds had broken because of heat-treatment. In addition, the evaluation of the swelling for each treatment condition revealed that, as the heat-treatment temperature and duration increased, the amount of absorbed water and swelling decreased and the ASE increased. The decrease in the amount of absorbed water is thought to be affected by the chemical change in the cell wall by heat-treatment. On the contrary, the decrease in the swelling and the increase in the ASE are thought to be due to a combination of chemical changes and physical changes such as structural changes in the cell wall.

본 연구에서는 공학목재로 목구조건축에 주로 사용되는 집성재 및 CLT 그리고 Ply-lam CLT의 블록전단시험을 실시하여 강도 및 파괴 유형을 비교 분석하였다. 이를 통해 Ply-lam CLT의 라미나 및 합판의 수종, 접착제의 종류 및 Layer구성 등 최적생산을 위한 제조조건을 구명하고자 하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 블록전단시험을 통해 집성재, Ply-lam CLT, CLT 순으로 높은 강도를 나타냈다. 특히, 낙엽송 합판과 낙엽송 라미나의 복합구조로 제조되는 Ply-lam CLT의 전단강도는 집성재 전단강도 기준인 7.1 N/mm2을 통과하였다. 아울러 본 연구에서는 집성재, CLT, Ply-lam 접착에 사용된 접착제 종류에 따른 전단강도의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 Ply-lam CLT의 경우에는 라미나와 합판의 수종에 따라 Ply-lam CLT의 전단강도의 차이를 나타냈다. 그 결과는 낙엽송 > 남양재 ≒ 육송 합판 순으로 높은 강도를 나타났다. Ply-lam CLT의 최적구성은 낙엽송 합판과 낙엽송 라미나를 사용하는 경우이며 접착제는 용도에 따라 PRF, PUR을 선정하여 사용하면 될 것으로 판단된다. 목질재료 유형에 따른 전단강도 파괴 양상 결과 분석을 통하여 집성재는 shear parallel-to-grain, CLT는 rolling shear, Ply-lam CLT는 shear parallel-to-grain과 rolling shear가 복합적으로 나타났다. 이는 전단강도 결과와 밀접한 관련이 있으며 rolling shear로 인하여 CLT보다 Ply-lam CLT에서 더 높은 전단 강도를 나타내는 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, a block shear strength test was conducted to compare and analyze the strength and failure mode on the glued laminated timber, CLT, and Ply-lam CLT, which are mainly used for the construction of wood construction as engineering wood. Through this, the Ply-lam CLT manufacturing conditions for optimum production, such as the type of lamina, plywood, adhesive, and layer composition, were investigated. The results are as follow. Through block shear strength test, it showed high strength in the order of glued laminated timber, Ply-lam CLT and CLT. In particular, the shear strength of Ply-lam CLT, which is made of a composite structure of larch plywood and larch lamina, passed 7.1 N/mm2, which is a Korean industrial standards for block shear strength of structural glued laminated timber. In addition, in this study, there was no different in shear strength according to the adhesive type used for glulam, CLT, and Ply-lam CLT adhesion. However, in the case of Ply-lam CLT, the difference in shear strength of Ply-lam CLT was shown according to the type of lamina and plywood. The results showed high strength in the order of Larix kaempferi > Mixed light hardwood ≒ Pinus densiflora, sieb, et, Zucc plywood. The optimal configuration of Ply-lam CLT is when larch plywood and larch lamina are used, and it is decided that the adhesive can be used by selecting PRF and PUR according to the application. The results of block shear strength failure mode by type of wood based materials were analyzed. The failure mode showed shear parallel-to-grain for glulam, rolling shear for CLT, and shear parallel-to-grain and rolling for ply-lam CLT. This is closely related to shear strength results and is decided to indicate higher shear strength in Ply-lam CLT than in CLT due to rolling shear.

This study investigates the selective fractionation of lignin with uniform structures and lower molecular weight. Lignin solubilization was first performed using a solution of acetic acid (AA) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) (4:1, (v/v)) to form peracetic acid (PAA), which is a strong oxidant. After the PAA-induced solubilization that occurred at 80°C, totally soluble lignin was extracted by ethyl acetate (EA) and divided into organic- and water-soluble fractions. The EA fraction was then fractionated by open-column using three solutions (chloroform-ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) sequentially. With an increase in the solvent polarity during the fractionation step, the molecular weight of the lignin-derived compounds in the fraction increased. Remarkably, some lignin fractions did not have aromatic structures. These fractions were identified as carboxylic acid-containing polymers like poly-carboxylates. These results conclude that the selective production of lignin-derived polymers with specific molecular weight and structural characteristics could be possible through open-column fractionation.

본 연구에서는 참나무시들음병에 감염된 신갈나무의 기초자료를 확보하기 위하여, 해부학적 특징을 비교·분석하고자 하였다. 해부학적 특징을 비교하기 위해, 감염목, 고사목 및 건전재 신갈나무를 수에서부터 10∼50번째 연륜까지 10연륜 단위로 광학현미경과 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 목섬유 길이는 수에서부터 5연륜 단위로 측정하였고, 도관요소 직경 및 타일로시스를 포함한 도관의 비율은 10연륜별로 측정하였다. 횡단면 관찰 결과, 감염목과 고사목에서는 도관 내강에서 티일로시스와 함께 균사체가 관찰되었다. 목섬유 길이 및 도관요소 직경은 조사목 간 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 목섬유 길이는 미숙재 부위인 20∼30연륜 이후 안정화되는 경향을 보였다. 타일로시스를 포함한 도관의 평균 비율은 감염목이 가장 높았고 특히, 감염목과 고사목은 40∼50연륜에서 타일로시스의 비율이 가장 높았다. 이를 통하여, 참나무시들음병 피해목과 건전재간에 큰 차이는 타일로시스의 비율로 생각되며, 피해목 이용에 있어 기초자료로 활용 가능할 것이라 사료된다.

The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomical characteristics of Quercus mongolica infested by oak wilt disease. To analysis the anatomical characteristics of the wood specimens infested by the oak wilt, the anatomical structures of an infected wood, a dead wood, and sound wood were observed at 10-year-old intervals from 10 to 50 annual rings using both an optical and a scanning electron microscope. The fiber length was measured in units of 5 annual rings from the pith, and the diameter of the vessel element and the ratio of the vessel including the tyloses were measured for each 10 annual ring. In the cross section, on the infected and dead wood specimens, mycelium was also observed with the tyloses in the vessel. There was no signification difference between the wood specimens in the fiber length and the vessel diameter of the vessel element. The fiber length was not difference after 20-30 annual rings which is a part of juvenile wood. The average of the vessel ratio including tyloses in the infected wood was the highest. Especially, the ratio of tyloses was the highest 40-50 annual rings in the infected wood and the dead wood. Therefore, the large difference between the infested wood by oak wilt and the sound wood was the ratio of tyloses. This result can be used as a basic data to utilize the infested wood.

참나무시들음병 고사목으로부터 피해확산을 막기위해 주로 훈증처리 방법을 이용한다. 훈증처리에 따른 신갈나무 피해목의 강도적 활용 가능성을 검증하기 위해 훈증처리목재의 압축성능과 휨성능평가를 수행하였다. 훈증처리목재는 약 9개월 간 네마섹트(Metam-sodium)로 훈증처리하였다. 참나무시들음병 훈증처리목재의 기건 종압축강도는 58.87 MPa, 압축탄성계수는 5.66 GPa로 측정되었으며 건전목과 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 혼증목의 성숙재부 강도성능은 미성숙재부보다 16% 더 높은 강도값을 보였다. 참나무 건전목의 압축파괴형상은 다양한 형상으로 나타나지만 훈증처리목재의 경우 대부분 전단형 파괴형상을 보였다. 훈증처리목재의 휨강도는 157.43 MPa로 건전재보다 8% 높게 측정되었고 휨 탄성계수는 16.38 GPa로 건전재보다 16% 낮게 측정되었다. 그러나 훈증처리목재의 휨강도성능치에 대한 변동계수는 건전목보다 낮은 것을 확인하였다.

Fumigation treatment is mainly used on dead trees affected by the oak wilt disease to prevent the spread of damage. To verify the possibility of intensive use of the damaged Mongolian Oak wood treated by the fumigation treatment, we performed the compression and bending performance evaluation of the fumigation treated wood. The fumigation was done with Nemasect (Metam-sodium) for about 9 months. The dry longitudinal compressive strength of the fumigation treated oak wilt-diseased wood at the ambient temperature and humidity, and the compressive modulus of elasticity were measured to be 58.87MPa, and 5.66GPa, which were similar to the non-treated wood. The strength performance of mature wood of fumigation treated wood was 16% higher than that of juvenile wood. The compression fracture of the non-treated oak wood showed various shapes, however, most of the fumigation treated wood showed shear-type fracture shape. The bending strength of the fumigate treated wood was measured to be 157.43MPa, which was 8% higher than that of the non-treated wood, and the bending modulus of elasticity was measured to be 16.38GPa, which was 16% lower than that of the non-treated wood. However, it was confirmed that the coefficient of variation for the bending strength performance value of the fumigation treated wood was lower than that of the non-treated wood.

본 연구는 목재의 투습성을 활용한 용도개발을 위해 국산 침엽수 9개 수종에 대한 투습성 평가와 소형 벽체구조 제작을 통한 투습성 평가를 하고자 하였다. 또한, 투습성 개선을 위해 폐자재인 bottom ash를 흡습제로 투입한 소형 벽체를 제작하여 투습성을 평가하였다. 그 결과, Sd 값에 의한 투습성 평가 결과는 다음과 같다. ① 국산 침엽수 9개 수종 중 Abies holiphylla(잣나무), Picea jezoensis(가문비나무), Ginkgo biloba(은행나무), Pinus koraiensis(잣나무) and Pinus rigida(리기다 소나무)는 투습 성능을 나타내는 것을 확인하였다. ② 이를 이용하여 벽체 구조 제작 시 반투습 성능을 나타냄을 평가하였다. ③ 또한, Bottom ash를 투입한 소형 벽체 구조를 제작하여 투습성 개선 효과를 평가한 결과, Pinus koraiensis(잣나무)의 Sd 값이 1.63으로 나타나, 8개 타 수종보다 우수함을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the vapor permeability of nine different species of domestic softwood and the vapor permeability evaluation through the production of small wall structures for the developing applications, utilizing the vapor permeability of wood. In addition, the permeability evaluation was attempted by means of the production of a small wall structure injected with a waste material, bottom ash, as a moisture absorbent for improving the permeability. Consequently, the results of the vapor permeability evaluation by means of Sd value are as follows: (1) It was observed that Abies holiphylla, Picea jezoensis, Ginkgo biloba, Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida are permeable to moisture among 9 species of domestic softwood in Korea. (2) By means of this, semi-permeability efficiency was evaluated when producing a small wall structure. (3) Besides, improved effects of permeability were evaluated when producing a small wall structure inserted with bottom ash. As a result, it was confirmed that the Sd value of Pinus koraiensis turned out to be 1.63, which is superior to other 8 tree species.

본 연구는 국내 숯불구이 음식점의 화구당 평균 공간을 바탕으로 제작된 모형 연소방을 이용하여 국내에서 유통되고 있는 숯과 성형숯의 연소 조건에 따라 발생하는 연소 가스와 연소 특성에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 각각 3종의 숯과 성형숯의 연료 특성과 연소 특성을 분석하였다. 또한, 밀폐 조건과 환기 조건으로 구분하고 총 20분의 연소과정 동안 발생하는 CO, CO2, NOx의 농도와 O2 농도의 변화량을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, CO의 발생량은 밀폐 조건에서 1390~4703 ppm의 범위로 측정되었으며, 환기 시 약 29.8%~57.4%의 환기율을 보였다. CO2는 밀폐 조건에서 1.34%~2.42%의 범위로 나타났으며, 환기시 특정 시점(10분)에 1.5% 이상 발생한 시료에서 44.1%~53.6%의 환기율을 보였다. NOx의 발생량은 밀폐 조건의 경우 불완전 연소로 인해 지속적으로 발생량이 증가하여 29 ppm~47 ppm의 범위로 발생하는 경우와 특정 시점(1분) 이후 9 ppm~18 ppm의 범위로 비교적 일정한 발생량을 보이는 경우로 나뉘었다. 환기 조건의 NOx 배출량은 밀폐 조건과 유사한 경향을 보였으며, 최대 62.5%의 환기율을 보였다. 따라서, 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 숯과 성형숯의 사용환경을 모사하여 인체 유해성 평가에 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted into combustion characteristics and gases generated by the combustion of charcoal and agglomerated charcoal distributed in the domestic using a combustion chamber based on the average space per crater of a charcoal-grilled restaurant in South Korea. Each of the three types of charcoals and agglomerated wood charcoals was analyzed for fuel and combustion characteristics. In addition, the concentration changes of CO, CO2, NOx, and O2 were measured for 20 minutes depending on ventilation. As a result, CO yield without ventilation was measured in the range of 1390 to 4703 ppm, and CO yield with ventilation decreases about 29.8% to 57.4%. CO2 yield without ventilation was measured in the range of 1.34% to 2.42%, and CO2 yield was about 44.1% to 53.6% when the emission was more than about 1.5% at 10 minutes. The NOx yield was divided into two cases where the NOx yield was continuously increased because of incomplete combustion, emitted ranging from 29 ppm to 47 ppm, and where emission was constant after 1 minute in the range of 9 ppm to 18 ppm. The NOx yield with ventilation tends to be similar to the without ventilation, and NOx yield decreases up to 62.5%. Therefore, it could be used for health risk assessment with the simulation of the usage environment of charcoal and agglomerated wood charcoal.

The use of polyphenol extracts from radiata pine (Pinus radiata) bark as raw materials for bio-foams was investigated along with the optimal NaOH extraction conditions. The targeted yield of alkaline extracts was 60%, and the targeted pH was 11 to 12. The radiata pine bark was composed of 70% of a 1% NaOH extract, which contained mainly polyphenols, such as proanthocyanidin (PA). As the particle size of the bark decreased, the yield of the 1% NaOH extracts increased from 57 to 87%. A range of NaOH concentrations, liquor ratios, and extraction times were explored to establish an economic polyphenol extraction method. More than 60% of the alkaline extract was extracted, and the pH of the extract was approximately 12 when the optimum extraction conditions were employed, i.e., a liquor to bark ratio of 5:1, a NaOH dosage of 17 to 18% based on the bark weight, and a 1 h extraction time. Following neutralization of the alkaline extract, structural analysis indicated severe structural changes in the PA during the alkaline extraction. Because the alkaline extract was barely soluble in the solvent used for the structural analyses, it is assumed that chemical modification is required to increase the solubility of the alkaline extract for the production of bio-foams.