Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting the quality of life among community-dwelling older women with urinary incontinence (UI). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 475 women aged 60 or over who were recruited from 10 primary health care facilities in rural Korea. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic, health-related, and UI-related characteristics. The quality of life was assessed using Incontinence Quality of Life (I-QOL). SPSS/WIN 23.0 program was used to analyze descriptive statistics, x2 test, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation, and hierarchical regression. Results: Of 475 subjects, 180 (37.9%) had urinary incontinence. The mean scores of I-QOL of women with and without UI were 76.87 and 94.77, respectively. The results of hierarchical regression analysis show that the Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis total score was the greatest influencing factor, followed by age and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form total score. Conclusion: The study revealed that factors related to UI symptoms are more likely to have impact on the quality of life in women with UI. It suggests that early detection or management of UI is important in improving the quality of life of women with UI.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate the effects of a multifaceted cognitive training program on cognitive function, depression, and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in community dwelling elders with mild cognitive impairment. Methods: A non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The subjects were recruited from a community health center in D metropolitan city and were assigned to the experimental or control group. Weekly 50-minute session intervention was delivered to the experimental group over 12 weeks. 8 weeks and 12weeks after intervention, the changes in cognitive function, depression, and IADL in the groups were measured and compared. Data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, and post-hoc test with Bonferroni correction using SPSS/WIN 23.0. Results: When compared with their counterparts (n=15), the elders in the experimental group (n=12) showed significant improvement in cognitive function and depression at week 12. The mean scores of IADL at week 12 were not significantly different between the groups. Conclusion: The results indicate that this multifaceted cognitive training program is effective in improving cognitive function, depression, and avoiding deterioration of IADL among elders with mild cognitive impairment.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to explore levels of suicidal ideation and identify subgroups of high suicidal risk among the depressed elderly in Korea. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted on secondary data from the 6th (1st year) Korean national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES). A total of 239 depressed elders aged 60 or over who participated in the KNHANES. The prevalence of suicidal ideation and its related factors, including sociodemographic, physical, psychological characteristics and quality of life (EQ-5D index) were examined. Descriptive statistics and a decision tree analysis were performed using the SPSS/WIN 23.0 and SPSS Modeler 14.2 programs. Results: Of the depressed elderly, 28.9% had suicidal ideation. Three groups with high suicidal ideation were identified. Predictive factors included perceived stress level, household income level, quality of life and restriction of activity. In the highest risk group were those depressed elderly with moderate and low levels of stress, less than .71 of EQ-5D index and restriction of activity, and 80.0% of these participants had suicidal ideation. The accuracy of the model was 80.8%, its sensitivity 85.9%, and its specificity 68.1%. Conclusion: Multi-dimensional intervention should be designed to decrease suicide among the depressed elderly, particularly focusing on subgroups with high risk factors. This research is expected to contribute itself to the policy design and solution building in the future as it suggests policy implications in preventing the suicide of the depressed elderly.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors of accidental falls by age in the Korean elderly. Methods: The study subjects included 10,242 community-dwelling elders aged 65 or over. The data were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Results: The risk factors of accidental falls in the younger old group (aged 65~74) include fear of falling (OR=16.28, 95% CI: 12.03~22.03), depression (OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.06~1.44), and hearing impairment (OR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.01~1.43). The risk factors of accidental falls in the older old group (aged 75~84) include fear of falling (OR=11.54, 95% CI: 7.04~18.93), muscle strength (OR=1.36, 95% CI: 1.15~1.60), number of chronic disease (OR=1.65, 95% CI: 1.09~2.50), and presence of spouse (OR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.06~1.51). The risk factors of accidental falls in the oldest old group (aged 85 years old or older) include fear of falling (OR=8.05, 95% CI: 1.85~34.98) and exercise (OR=2.91, 95% CI: 1.36~6.24). Fear of falling is defined as a common factor in the all age groups. Conclusion: Different strategies should be developed for age groups to prevent elderly falls with understanding of contributing factors of falls in each group.

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between short message service and social media use, and sexual intercourse of high school students in Cambodia. Methods: Four hundred and eighty-three high school students from three schools in rural provinces were interviewed with structured questionnaires. Results: Sexual intercourse was found significantly more frequent among male students than among female students (p=.001), among alcohol drinkers than among non-drinkers (p<.001), among those who were not taking pictures with mobile phones than among those who were (p=.045), and among those who were exchanging SMS between boyfriend and girlfriend than among those who were not (p=.006). The students who were sending SMS by mobile phones were 5.83 times as likely to have sexual intercourse as their counterparts (p=.020), who were taking pictures with mobile phone were 0.04 times as likely as those who were not (p=.045) and the odds ratio was 15.19 times as high in alcohol drinkers as in non-drinkers (p=.001). Conclusions: Efforts should be made to encourage positive and effective use of social media among adolescents to maintain their sexual health.

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop and test a measurement of the suicidal protection(MSP) for high school students in Korea. Methods: Thirty-four preliminary items were initially developed based on literature review and focus group interviews. Those items were evaluated by experts for content validity with 31 items yielded. For testing validity and reliability of the measurement, data were collected from 330 high school students in Korea. Results: The item analysis selected 26 items. One item was deleted additionally through the primary exploratory factor analysis. The final exploratory factor analysis yielded 26 items in six factors such as fear of suicide, self-esteem, emotion regulation, support from others, support from family, and school life, explaining 66.6% of the total variance of the suicidal protection for high school students in Korea. Convergent validity and discriminant validity were supported by construct reliability, average variance extracted estimate, and standardized regression weight. MSP scores were positively associated with economic status, academic record and suicidal ideation. Also, criterion validity was supported through a significant correlation with the Reason for Living Inventory for Adolescent. The Cronbach's α reliability coefficient was .93 for the overall measurement and .72~.86 for the six factors. Conclusion: The results show that MSP may be valid and reliable for assessing suicidal protection of high school students.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out how much influence nursing students' environmental consciousness and knowledge of medical waste have on their attitudes toward medical waste. Methods: The subjects were 211 nursing students recruited from 2 universities. Data were collected with a structured self-report questionnaire comprising measures of environmental consciousness, and knowledge of and attitude toward medical waste. Data analysis was conducted with the SPSS/WIN 25.0 program. Results: A total of 211 copies of the questionnaire were used for the final analysis, except for 9 untrusted responses out of 220 that included missing values. Those subjects' environmental consciousness who received environmental education in middle and high schools was higher (t=3.15, p=.002). The higher their grades, the better their knowledge of medical waste (F=3.40, p=.035). Those subjects' knowledge of medical waste who received medical waste education was relatively high (t=3.14, p=.002). Those subjects with clinical practice experience had more sensitive attitudes toward medical waste (t=2.06, p=.041). Those subjects' attitudes toward Medical waste who received medical waste education at the universities were relatively high (t=2.04, p=.043). The subjects' environmental consciousness was positively correlated with their attitudes toward medical waste (r=.44, p<.001). The most influential factor in their attitudes toward medical waste is their environmental attitudes and medical waste education. Conclusion: The higher the nursing students' environmental consciousness, the higher their attitudes toward medical waste. It is necessary to provide environment and medical waste education for nursing students in order to strengthen their environmental consciousness and attitude toward medical waste.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of aromatherapy on agitation in patients with dementia using a meta-analysis and systemic literature review. Methods: The EMBASE, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and other databases were searched up to November 2017. Results: Of 419 publications identified, 12 met inclusion criteria, and 9 studies were used to estimate the effect size of aromatherapy. A total of 837 participants across all studies were included. The commonly applied methods were massage (50%), type of oil lavender (75%), and instrument Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (75%). A medium effect size of aromatherapy on agitation was identified (d=-0.56, I2=65.0%, p=.001). The massage group has lower effect size than the other group (d=-0.98, I2=0.0%, p=.001). Conclusion: Aromatherapy appears to be effective in improving agitation in patients with dementia. However, further studies for home-dwelling patients with dementia and with different types of aroma oil should be conducted in the future. In addition, research with well-designed are needed to assess the effects or aromatherapy on agitation.

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify effects of Medicaid Case Manager's communication competence and stress on their job satisfaction. Methods: The current work is descriptive research, and the participants were 154 medicaid case managers. Data were collected between May and July, 2017 through Embrain, a specialized research organization. The data were analyzed using independent t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression. Results: The mean communication competence of the medicaid case managers was 3.61, stress 1.76, and their job satisfaction 2.74. Age and average monthly compensation brought significant differences in their job satisfaction. Their communication competence was correlated with stress (r=-.35, p<.001), but not with their job satisfaction. The stress was the most influential factor in job satisfaction (β=-.45). Conclusion: The results of this work show that the medicaid case managers' communication competence was not an influence factor of their job satisfaction, which is different from implications from the previous studies and needs confirmation through future research. In addition the results of this study also suggest that stress management can be a useful approach to the improvement of medicaid case managers' job satisfaction.

Purpose: This study is to investigate the low back pain, social support, impediment in daily living activities and to identify factors affecting impediment in elderly farmer' daily living activities. Methods: The participants were 128 elderly farmers who had received nerve block. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from February to March, 2018. They were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, pearson's correlation coefficient, and linear multiple regression. Results: The score of low back pain was 6.27±1.69 (10 points), that of social support 2.92±0.76 (1~5 points), and that of impediment in activity of daily living 2.01±0.82 (0~5 points). Factors affecting impediment in activity of daily living were found to include age (p=.017), daily hours of farm work (p<.001), fear for the nerve block (p<.001), low back pain (p<.001), and social support (p<.001); the explanatory power of these variables was 58.8%. Conclusion: This study has found the controllable factors affecting impediment in activity of daily living among the rural elderly engaging in farm work include low back pain, social support, and daily farming hours. Therefore, to reduce impediment in activity of daily living among them, it is necessary to develop nursing interventions that can improve impediment in activity of daily living through reduction of daily farming hours using local resources. It is also desirable to improve their health status by reducing low back pain, and develop and apply social supports with health education programs that fit the local resources and the needs of the rural elderly.