Language and Information Society 41. The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) to identify aspects of learning strategies for Korean vocabulary in KSL and KFL environments and 2) to identify the interrelation between vocabulary learning strategies and learning environments. To collect data, a survey has been conducted from 73 Chinese learners in Korea and 98 Chinese learners in China with a questionnaire for Korean language vocabulary learning strategies. The main findings include: 1) KFL learners use vocabulary learning strategies more than KSL learners do. 2) Korean vocabulary learning strategies of KSL and KFL learners are very similar. 3) Both KSL learners and KFL learners use more expression strategies than comprehension strategies, and the proportion of expression strategies used by KSL learners is higher than KFL learners. 4) There is no correlation between learning environments and vocabulary learning strategies. The results will be helpful for teachers who provide Korean classes and want to understand

Language and Information Society 41. The verb hata has a high frequency of use. For this reason, numerous scholars have paid attention to this verb, but unfortunately its basic meaning and usage have not yet been clarified or agreed upon. This paper proposes a new interpretation, which differs significantly from traditional views. First, hata is defined semantically as having the inherent meaning of 'to make and use.' Most of its usage can be explained as an instantiation of the basic inherent meaning. Moreover, it has been argued through the data analysis that hata is used mostly with other nominal words that would be most adequately characterized as denoting an artificial thing. Of course, the facts that the word in front of hata means an artificial thing and that the original meaning of hata is 'to make and use' are both conclusions obtained through the analysis of usage in Korean, and the two conclusions are closely related to each other.

Language and Information Society 41. This paper aims to examine syntactic and semantic differences between the syntactic topic construction and the complex predicate construction in multiple nominative sentences with two NPs with the nominative ending -i-. In a sentence with a syntactic topic, the second NP with the ending -i-, i.e., NP2, can be omitted in the subsequent sentence and substituted with an anaphoric expression or replaced with another noun which has a similar semantic feature. However, in a sentence with a complex predicate, these phenomena are disallowed. The reason for these differences is that NP2 in a syntactic topic sentence qualifies as an independent syntactic unit whereas NP2 in a complex predicate sentence closely combines with the adjacent V. Therefore, these complex predicates have the distinct argument structures.

Language and Information Society 41. This paper investigates biases of Korean sound-meaning associations, i.e., sound symbolisms, using Pokémon data. The statistical analysis confirms significant correlations between the properties of Pokémons and the following factors in the Korean names: the number of syllables, and the ratio of the number of positive vowels, tense consonants, round vowels and nasal coda consonants to the number of syllables. This study reaffirms the well-known Korean sound symbolic effects. The sound symbolism of the phonological strategies used in aegyo expressions (i.e., baby-talk register expressions) is also confirmed in the data from a virtual world created in a different culture. In addition, both counting cumulativity and gang-up cumulativity of the Korean sound symbolism are found in the current study.

Language and Information Society 41. This paper attempts to examine the diachronic changes of words derived from cata. There is a difference in vowel between cata (자다) and com (□) in Middle Korean, but it seems that [a] and [Λ] in the two words are in alternation. If this is the case, I argue that cata and com are in a derivative relationship. It seems that the adjective *copta was derived from cata and then cowolta was created through *copolta. The adjective related to cata in Middle Korean was absent because cowolta functioned as a verb. During the Early Modern Korean period, the verb cwollita appeared, filling this void through its adjectival use. In the Modern Korean language, in order to use an adjective related to cata more clearly morphologically, new forms such as cwollipta, cwollyepta have emerged. Though these adjectives are considered non-standard, they are widely used in everyday life and their derivative processes can be explained grammatically.

Language and Information Society 41. This paper probes the issue of the relationship between syntax and pragmatics. Korean has person restrictions in which discourse participants like speakers and hearers are deeply involved. Previous studies on these phenomena have mainly relied on semantic or pragmatic approaches, but they cannot be excluded from the domain of syntactic research, since person restrictions triggered by various elements like suffixes, predicates, and anaphora are syntactically controlled by communications with discourse participants. Within the framework of discourse syntax, wherein those pragmatic roles are syntactically represented, the phenomena will be shown to receive principled accounts by resorting to the universal syntactic notions like C-command or Minimality. More in depth research along these lines is called for in the future.

Language and Information Society 41. This paper accounts for why diverse interpretive patterns appear to be available from obligatory object control constructions subordinating the tolok-clause in Korean. As observed by a few studies in the literature, the range of readings that arises in the constructions includes not only obligatory control (OC) interpretations but also non-obligatory control (NOC) interpretations (Polinsky et al. 2007 among others), but other types of referential dependency between a controller and a controllee than mandatory coreference should not be allowed under the PRO Theory of Control (Chomsky 1981 among others). To capture those interpretive patterns, this paper claims, under the Movement Theory of Control, that not all tolok-clauses are born equal, proposing to distinguish tolok-clauses as a complement from those as an adjunct. Building on Hornstein's (2001) insight into the interpretation of anaphors and pronouns, I further suggest that in the former context, where A-movement is allowed, referentially dependent DPs are interpreted as anaphors like reflexives orA-traces, while in the latter, where A-movement is prohibited, they are interpreted as pronouns.

Language and Information Society 41. This article has two main aims: One is to review some previous pioneering studies on the syntax-pragmatics interface. It starts with a review of Ross's (1970) seminal work of the “performative” analysis and its recent revival at the syntax-pragmatics interface. The other purpose is to offer a challenging proposal of sentence-medial attachment of discourse marker -yo in Korean at the syntax-pragmatics-prosody interface. Based on the view that syntactically, sentence-final -yo is an exponent of the Speech Act Phrase for the addressee located above the matrix/highest CP (Yim 2013), and on the fact that prosodically, sentence-medial -yo forms an intonational phrase (Yim and Dobashi 2016), the article argues that sentence-medial -yo also is a spell-out of intra-clausal Speech Act Phrase.