This paper deals with two questions regarding scrambling across a wh-island. One is whether scrambling is sensitive to this island and if so, why. Contrary to the standard claim, I argue that scrambling shows sensitivity to this island, based on the fact that a quantified phrase scrambled across a wh-island cannot show scope reconstruction. This is attributed to a violation of Minimize chain links, proposed by Chomsky and Lasnik (1993), which dictates that a given application of Move cannot skip a possible landing site. The other question is whether Takahashi (1993) is right in claiming that a wh-phrase scrambled across a wh-island must take matrix scope. I argue that in such a case, the embedded scope reading is in principle possible, and that the apparently forced matrix wh-scope reading is due to the referential property of the scrambled wh-phrase.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of the three vocabulary gloss types, namely (i) definition, (ii) example, and (iii) synonyms, on the attitude of Korean language learners on reading comprehension. The results are as follows. First, the quantitative analysis shows that vocabulary gloss is likely to improve language learners' reading and comprehension skills. Second, the synonym gloss type is shown to be the most effective method to understanding reading comprehension. Third, vocabulary glosses facilitate the incidental vocabulary learning. Fourth, the survey reveals Korean language learners' attitude toward vocabulary gloss types.

The wording of the Korean Language Research Report in 1909 differed greatly among the center members. The members discussed and decided orthography of the Korean language, but the report included many Chinese words and phrases. Ju Shigyeong's expressions included a few easy Chinese words and phrases relatively close to the spoken language and showed much recognition and use of the vernacular language. This position was followed by Ji Seogyeong. At that time, much Koreanology research was conducted in general, but those who later became pro-Japanese and lacked national consciousness showed poor awareness in the use of the vernacular language. Those with little research experience and career in the Korean language and literature showed similar aspects. Only two members of the center had professional knowledge, and most of others were non-experts. Therefore, it is regrettable to see that the discussions were not sufficiently profound and that the advanced practice of the Korean vernacular language was lacking in the discussions and research reports in terms of using contemporary Korean expressions.

With the rapid development of information technology, people learn with a diverse array of learning methods ranging from the traditional face-to-face learning style to online learning style. The main purpose of this study is to understand Chinese college students' satisfaction and learning efficiency of online Korean language education. Chinese students majoring in the Korean language of different levels at D university are taken as the subjects for questionnaires and interviews. The questionnaire data was analyzed with SPSS 25.0. The study finds that there are significant differences in the satisfaction of online learning among different levels of students, but there is no significant difference in the learning efficiency among them.

This study creates a list of significant Korean academic formulaic expressions extracted with a morpheme-based N-gram from a corpus of research articles in Korean with about three million words. The corpus consists of five academic disciplines disciplines: humanities, social sciences, art, natural sciences and engineering. The expressions contained in the list (i) are of 3 〜 9-gram length, (ii) are of frequency of more than 20 times, (iii) occur more than 10% of the textand (iv) satisfy the keyness (p<0.0001) between academic and nonacademic corpora. Items whose frequency and keyness are in the top ten are classified as core academic formulaic expressions, and these core expressions are investigated by the five academic disciplines. It is found that some of the core academic formulaic expressions such as -l swu iss-ta, (-um/-ess-um/-ko iss-um)-ul al swu iss-ta and -nun taumkwa kath-ta appear in all five disciplines.

This paper deals with a phenomenon that occurs if the verb pota is conjugated into its conditional form of pomyen, during which it goes through grammaticalization and loses its features of being a verb. The conditional form of verbs is used to indicate that the event described in the subordinate clause affects the event specified in the main clause. In general, pomyen, as a lexical unit, represents a visual activity, serves as the predicate of the subordinate clause from a syntactical perspective, and is inflected in a variety of ways depending on the grammatical category from a morphological viewpoint. In local usages, however, pomyen loses its autonomy and becomes grammaticalized by being agglutinated to a noun or another verb, and the present research discovers that pomyen also develops into a postposition, connective particle, connective, or particle.

This paper examines the properties of a verbal classifier in Mandarin Chinese with respect to certain well-identified cross-linguistic properties of pluractionality. Pluractionality (or pluractional) refers to a morpheme that indicates plurality of an event denoted by the verb (phrase). For instance, an event of knocking on the door can be pluralized via a pluractional, and yields an interpretation of event plurality such as multiple occurrences of the event of knocking on the door. This paper proposes that a verbal classifier can be identified as a pluractional building on the properties of a verbal classifier shared with those of pluractional. For example, similar to a pluractional, a defining property of a verbal classifier is that it indicates multiplicity of an event. This paper also identifies an unusual property of a verbal classifier as a pluractionl, namely allowing a numeral, and briefly addresses this issue by assuming a parallel between verbal and nominal pluralization.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze grammaticalized constructions corresponding to prefinal ending, -ta-ani- (Southeast dialect) and the discourse marker aika (Southeast dialect), grammaticalized constructions corresponding to prefinal ending -cimwe(i)-, and the discourse marker mwe. For the analysis of the target language expressions, I analyze the prefinal ending -canh- and the discourse marker i of the Southwest dialect as well. In previous discussions of the grammaticalized forms from interrogatives or tags, the focus has been on the discourse marker, which is easy to recognize segmentally. I note the cases in which interrogatives and tags grammaticalize in two ways (to a prefinal ending and to a discourse marker) and investigate the distribution and semantic functions of these expressions.

Assuming that it is necessary to consider Korean words frequently used by Korean learners for the education of Chinese vocabulary expressions, this article serves as a preliminary study for designing the education of Chinese vocabulary expressions for Korean learners. The words in Level A of the Vocabulary List for Learning Korean are compared with the words in the Chinese Proficiency Outline for Chinese Vocabulary and Characters (漢語水平詞彙與漢字等級大綱). The result is that there is a significant difference between the two vocabulary lists. Therefore, it is suggested that a separate plan should be prepared for the education of Chinese vocabulary expressions for Korean learners. In addition, various issues have been noted in the process of comparison regarding designing of educational contents.

This paper discusses the usage of the expression -esenun in Korean. A careful examination of the uses of -esenun shows that it has two distinguishable expressions of -esenun. One is the separable -esenun, which is the combination of the connective ending -ese and the delimiter -nun. However, the meaning of the other -esenun is not explained by the sum of elements' meanings. I focus on this latter expression. The inseparable -esenun has the conditional meaning as a whole. Moreover, -esenun exists as an internal component of the -esenun + [negative] construction rather than as an independent construction. This construction has a negative expression and usually expresses the speaker's negative judgment or attitude towards events which have not happened yet.