The meaning of causative construction in Complement of Result is a combination of two lexical Chinese verbs expressing a causative meaning. Generally, most linguists insist that Chinese has two types of causatives―lexical causative and syntactic(or periphrastic) causative. However, they do not agree that Chinese has a morphological causative, because Chinese is an isolated language that has not undergone morphological changes.
This research has opposite views to prevailing opinions. Complement of Result construction, which is special causative forms(VP) on Chinese, can be divided into two lexical words, V1 and V2. This combination structure is very similar to lexical causative structure when viewed for the sake of formality. However, when we analyze the situation in detail, we can find that they have radical differences between the structures. Turning now to morphological causatives, the prototypical case has the following two characteristics. First, the causative is related to the non-causative predicate by morphological means, for example, by affixation. A simple example provided by the prototypical morphological causative is that the means of VP(V1+V2) construction has its productivity. In this situation, VP has two types of constructions. One is 'VP-a' and the other is 'VP-b', and especially the latter has a wide variety of productivity, which is exemplified by '咬斷', '打破', '扭傷', '解開', '熬白' etc.
This research provides that although these structures has limitations to causative productivity, they are very close to morphological causatives, and have a broad distinction with lexical causative constructions.

This paper examines the aspects of the Chinese language notation of Ahakphyeon compiled by Ji Seok-yeong in 1908 and looks at the Chinese phonology that they reflect. For this purpose, by using Chinese characters in Hangul in this book, the current paper looked at what was the appearance of Chinese initials in this notation. In addition, this paper reviewed the common notions and differences of the consonant system of the Chinese language reflected in this notation and this text compared with the foreign language textbook of the previous period. As a result of this study, it is seen that the degree of reflection of palatalization is much wider in Ahakphyeon compared with the Junggan Nogeoldaeeonhae. This is understood to indicate that the spread of palatalization in Chinese was further advanced after the late 18th century. In alveolar, it reflects the palatalization of the alveolar. As a result, palatalization and non-palatalization coexist. What is noticeable is that there are many things related to individual change patterns that are understood on the basis of Beijing Mandarin, but there are many that are not. And the consonant group which used 'o' were widely used. This is seen in 'ᅄ', 'ᅈ', 'ᅉ', 'ᅅ' and so on. In the case of consonant group notations presented in this paper, it should be noted that in relation to affixing 'ㅇ', 'ᅄ', 'ᅈ', 'ᅉ' and 'ᅅ' It seems to be lighter and weaker than the sound of 'ㅅ'. However, it is necessary to examine the phonological characteristics of the sounds in which 'ㅇ' is written. In fact, they all have a common connection with the alveolar. In relation to the use of 'ㅇ' in the indication of the phonetic sounds, 'ㅇ' can be understood as indicating the common phonological qualities in the articulation position related to dental.

Recently, there are a number of professors who are using flipped learning for their own classes in the university. However, some problems can be found in the process of designing flipped learning. For example, someone will not concentrate on designing work sheets for students in the class but will only make video lectures. This paper aims to review three educational methods for flipped learning in class, and emphasize authentic educational effects of flipped learning.
Three kinds of educational methods, Learner Centered Education, Problem Based Learning(PBL), and Blended Learning, are necessary for true flipped learning. And these have some common features: ① learner driven learning, ② collaborative Learning and interaction, ③ confidence between teacher and learner, ④ linking between learning contents and experience.

This article aims to investigate the distribution of different speech styles used in television news, that is Hapsyo and Haeyo, in terms of (non-)linguistic parameters and to propose to approach the switch among different speech styles in general from a new perspective. Haeyo is less frequently uttered in TV news compared to Hapsyo, which is closely related to the parameters of the gender and the role of the speaker, and the type of the news article. The form of -ayo, the unmarked subtype of Haeyo, shows rather restricted distribution in particular, only used in the news articles for specific hearers. This means that the two speech styles of Hapsyo and Haeyo do not have the same status in TV news, but Hapsyo is the default speech style dominantly used and Haeyo penetrates there occasionally only when needed to express certain modal or information structural meanings. Finally, we compared the aspects of news with the similar phenomena found in other registers such as military language, and suggested to reconsider the general system of hearer-oriented honorific with regard to the register variations.

This study examines English generic expressions in L2 acquisition by looking at whether Korean L2 English learners can distinguish between definite generic the and definite unique the. Definite generic can refer to more than one individual thing when it is accompanied by a predicate like be extinct. Definite Unique is when the definite article refers to one individual thing not generic things. Seventy Korean students and twelve native English speakers participated in this study. The TOEIC scores of Korean learners of English in the experiment were divided into the advanced and the beginner. We employed a picture matching task(PMT) and a forced-choice elicitation task(FCET). PMT and FCET were implemented to both native English speakers and Korean English learners. The results of this study showed that Korean L2 learners could not perform on the PMT for definite generic the, but the FCET results revealed differences between the three groups(control, advanced and beginner). In addition, this study showed that education on definite generic the in English education is necessary by showing the perception of Korean learners for definite generic the and definite unique the.

This paper aims at investigating the error types of morpheme analyser 'Utagger,' which can differentiate homonyms for the decision of basic vocabulary. Samples for analysing are composed of a corpus of 10,000 words of written Korean and 6,000 words of spoken Korean. An analysis showed that the error rate of spoken Korean is higher than that of written Korean. Also the error types of spoken Korean was shown to be much wider than that of written Korean. These error types deserve special attention in that they may have a significant impact on the classification of basic vocabulary as well as on the decision of basic vocabulary.

This paper aims to solve scope and binding puzzles related to clause-internal and external scrambling in Korean. In order to do this, we focus on the nature of movement which does not seem to be one unitary homogeneous operation. Following Ahn and Cho(2010), we propose that source of scope ambiguity hinges on two possible derivations: Scrambled phrases are derived either via Focus-movement or Adjunction. “Adjuncted” scrambled phrase must obligatorily undergo reconstruction, and is interpreted in situ for scope at LF. Focused QP, in contrast, remains in Spec-C at LF since it undergoes scope-taking movement. We also suggest that binding puzzles are resolved if we examine the derivational history of moved elements. Assuming that binding condition applies throughout the derivation, we resolve binding puzzles related to clause-internal/external scrambling.

This paper presents an experimental study to examine whether scrambling out of an island is (im-)possible in Korean. It is shown that scrambling out of an island may trigger occasional additive degradation in acceptability, but no super-additive degradation is obtained in leftward or rightward scrambling (or right-dislocation), contrary to wh-movement in English. Our results also show that strong islands may cause additive degradation whereas weak islands do not. The current study poses a new challenge to a processing approach to islands which solely relies on linear dependencies, and demonstrates that the role and type of island structures must be considered. Our research also suggests that a factorial-design experiment needs to be employed to examine potential interactions among scrambling, the direction of movement, and island effects in language.

The main aim of this paper is to answer long-standing questions surrounding parasitic gaps in Korean: First, does Korean have genuine parasitic gap constructions?; secondly, if there are PGCs in Korean, what kind of movement licenses PGs?; and third, do a PG and an real gap form a single chain or separate chains? We argue that Korean has not only an adjunct type but also a subject type of PGs, contra S. Park's(2018) view that only the latter type is available in the language. As for the second question, building on K.-H. Lee(1988, 1998), we maintain that it is scrambling that licenses PGs in both types of PGs, and that the operation must apply in those configurations to obviate weak crossover effects. Finally, we present data that support the non-separate chain view, namely that both real gaps and PGs are licensed by the same instance of scrambling. In particular, we adopt the sideward movement approach (Hornstein & Nunes 2002) as a viable way of deriving the properties of PGs in Korean under the non-separate chain view.

This paper investigates the nature of scrambling in Korean, which is a word order permuting operation in syntax. We re-characterize it in light of Chomsky's(2013, 2005) recent theory of labeling. We are in keeping with the thesis that scrambling in Korean undergoes non-A, non-operator movement and adjoins to its target (Saito 1985 and thereafter). We show that because of the lack of obligatory agreement, there is no A vs. A'-distinction in this language, so that in overt syntax a scrambled expression enters into licensing relation just like an adjunct. Therefore, it cannot be deployed into the properly labeled structure in this level of syntactic component. To overcome the problem with labeling, it generally undergoes radical reconstruction to its underlying position, but it also markedly enters into semantic predication at the interface.