Functional tests have been widely used for evaluating the ability to determine return to sports after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. To object of this study is to review the current literatures which use functional tests to determine return to sports after ACL reconstruction. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed database. The inclusion criteria were articles published from 2015 to 2019, the English language, original clinical trials, all levels of evidence, primary ACL reconstruction, skeletal maturity, and >1 functional test used to allow release to sports activities. The exclusion criteria were revision ACL reconstructions or dislocated knees; major concomitant procedures such as high tibial osteotomy, meniscus allograft, other knee ligament reconstructions, immature patients. Twenty-three studies with 5,282 patients were included for this review. Total 47 kinds of tests for determining return to play were used at an average of 8.4 months. Single leg hop test was the most commonly used functional test, which was used in 16 studies, followed by triple hop and cross-over hop tests. Average limb symmetric index of the single leg hop test was 92.5%. Among the muscle strength tests, 60 deg/sec isokinetic knee extension test is the most common, which was used in eight studies, followed by 180 deg/sec isokinetic knee extension test, isometric knee extension test, 60 deg/sec isometric knee flexion test. Ten kinds of functional tests with motion analysis were performed in three studies. Single leg hop test was the most commonly reported functional test for determining return to play following ACL reconstruction and muscle strength test and motion analysis were also used as functional tests.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate biochemical markers of blood glucose and blood lipids associated with extreme long-distance running races (marathon, 100 km, 308 km).
Methods: The participants were 45 middle-aged male runners: 15 corresponding to each distance. All participants performed graded exercise tests before the races. Blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were analyzed by blood collection before and after the races to identify differences between the groups and before and after the races.
Results: No differences were found in blood glucose levels before and after all races, as well as between the groups. TC levels decreased only after the 308-km race, and this decrease was lower than the differences after the marathon and 100-km races. TG levels decreased after all three races and were lower after the 100-km and 308-km races than that after the marathon race. HDL-C levels showed no differences after the marathon race but increased after the 100-km and 308-km races, with higher levels after the 308-km race than those after the marathon and 100-km races. LDL-C levels increased after the marathon race, but decreased after the 308-km race, with lower levels after the 308-km race than those after the marathon and 100-km races.
Conclusion: The 308-km race was associated with decreases in TC, TG, and LDL-C levels and an increase in HDL-C levels, indicating that exercise time may have a positive effect on lipid metabolism rather than exercise intensity.

Purpose: To investigate the safety of and adherence to a prehabilitation program among patients with endometrial cancer and to provide preliminary evidence of the program's efficacy in terms of health-related fitness (HRF) and patient-reported outcomes.
Methods: Nineteen patients with endometrial cancer were recruited in a 2-week trial for a one-on-one supervised exercise program. All patients participated in an individual exercise program―the Challenge, Overcome, Resolve, and Enhance (CORE) program―which consisted of 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity resistance, core stability, and aerobic exercise, supervised five times within 2 weeks before surgery.
Results: Seventeen (89.5%) of the 19 participants completed the CORE program, and no adverse events occurred. All participants accomplished the daily mean step counts and sustained the prescribed target heart rate (reserve 50%-60%) during the CORE program sessions. Participants who completed the exercise program exhibited significantly improved HRF (cardiorespiratory fitness, 30-second chair stand, hand grip strength, curl-ups, sit and reach, single-leg standing with closed eyes; p<0.001 for all) without changes in the body mass index (p=0.113). Their quality of life (general, p=0.001; function, p=0.001; symptom, p=0.003), symptom clusters (p=0.006), anxiety (p<0.001), and depression (p<0.001) were significantly improved.
Conclusion: The 2-week prehabilitation CORE program is safe and feasible for patients scheduled to undergo surgery for early-stage endometrial cancer and may improve their physical and psychological health status.

Purpose: This study evaluated fitness levels of 47 athletes from the 2020 Korean National Prospective Badminton Team by gender and game type (singles or doubles).
Methods: Our physical fitness evaluation items included height and weight measurements, grip strength test, back strength test, 20-meter shuttle run test, side step test, standing long jump test, sit and reach test, back extension test, and standing on one leg with eyes closed test.
Results: Male singles players weighed significantly less than doubles players (p=0.002). However, there was no difference in height between both group. Male doubles players had significantly higher grip strength (right, p=0.006; left, p=0.002), back strength (p=0.007), and side step results (p=0.029) than did singles players, but male singles players performed significantly better on the 20-meter shuttle run (p<0.01). Male singles and doubles players did not differ significantly with respect to the results of the standing long jump, sit and reach, back extension, and standing one leg with eyes closed tests (p>0.05). Female singles and doubles players showed no significant difference in any physical fitness evaluation items (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Male doubles players were heavier than male singles players but showed superior strength and agility. Male singles players showed higher cardiopulmonary endurance levels compared with male doubles players. Female singles and doubles players showed no difference between all physical fitness characteristics. Further studies can use our methods of evaluating fitness in badminton players to provide coaches and players with quantitative indicators for optimal game type classification (singles or doubles) and help to devise winning game strategies.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the associations between physical activity (PA), health-related fitness, and metabolic risk factors in Korean gynecological cancer survivors using propensity score matching.
Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed using national representative data between 2015 and 2018 from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI3 and VI1-3). PA was self-reported through the global PA questionnaire, and health-related fitness was measured using handgrip strength and resting heart rate. Metabolic risk factors were measured by performing blood analyses, including fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, and blood pressure.
Results: The total number of subjects was 268 (gynecological cancer, n=134; non-cancer, n=134). The results showed that the gynecological cancer survivors (time since diagnosis, <5 years and ≥5 years) participated in less amounts of weekly total moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (160.0±170.1 vs. 144.6±177.3 vs. 334.1±191.3 min/wk; p<0.001), travel PA (94.5±119.3 vs. 109.4±143.9 vs. 215.7±170.7 min/wk; p<0.001), and walking (190.7±174.5 vs. 258.8±280.8 vs. 444.5±434.7 min/wk; p<0.001) than did the non-cancer population. Moreover, the gynecological cancer survivors who met the aerobic PA guidelines had significantly lower fasting glucose (p=0.035) and triacylglyceride levels (p=0.013), and systolic blood pressure (p=0.035) than the non-active participants.
Conclusion: The PA of the gynecological cancer survivors was lower than that of the general population. Aerobic PA was significantly associated with lower levels of metabolic disturbances in Korean gynecological cancer survivors.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relative workload via a global positioning system (GPS) unit that was related to noncontact injuries in the lower extremities of college football player.
Methods: Data were collected from 18 players who were enrolled in a university football team using a GPS unit during competitions. The noncontact injury in the lower extremities were recorded for each competition by well-trained medical practitioners. Players' ratio of acute to chronic workload (ACWR) of each GPS variable was calculated by dividing the most recent 1 week (acute) workload by the prior 4 weeks (chronic) workload. The ACWR in the time of player's injury (injury-related block) was compared to the time before the injury-related block (preinjury block) and from the beginning of the data collection to the point of injury (total injured average), and the end of the data collection (total non-injured average).
Results: Eight players suffered 12 injures, indicating that an incidence rate was 13.28 injuries per 100 athlete exposures. Injured player had a higher ACWR of repeated high-intensity effort bouts (RHIE) and work-rest ratio (WRR) in the injury-related block compared to the preinjury block (F=3.151, p=0.039 and F=7.577, p=0.001, respectively). Also, they had a higher ACWR of maximal velocity (MV) in the injury-related block and total injured average compared to total non-injured average (F=5.592, p=0.004).
Conclusion: This study illustrated that the high ACWR in RHIE, WRR, and MV in the injury-related block may be related to noncontact injuries in the lower extremities of college football player. Many questions remain, but the results of this study may provide coaches and staffs in college football with useful quantitative information on preventive approach to sports-related injuries.

First-rib fractures may be caused due to high energy direct trauma, violent muscle contracture, or chronic fatigue. Isolated fractures are very rarely noted and may be a potential cause of nonspecific shoulder pain in overhead athletes. Although the exact mechanism underlying first-rib fractures caused by sudden muscular contracture is still not known, many repetitive activities have been associated with with these unique fractures. We present a case of an acute first-rib fracture in a rookie professional baseball pitcher. He returned to the same level of throwing in 5 months with rest and rehabilitation.