Purpose: Regular moderate-intensity aerobic exercise confers immense vascular benefits, yet the lack of time remains the most common barrier to a regular exercise routine. A Tabata exercise is a type of high-intensity interval training exercise that is time efficient and has recently been demonstrated to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic profiles, but its benefits on vascular function still remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that the Tabata-styled exercise would be as effective as moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) in improving vascular function in young healthy adults.
Methods: Using a randomized, cross-over design, fourteen healthy men (age, 23.8±2.3 years; body mass index, 23.7±2.2 kg/m2) performed two acute exercise trials, separated at least by 72 hours: a modified Tabata-styled exercise (eight sets of 20-second exercise at 120% of maximal power output using a bike and 10-second rest, total 4 minutes) or a MICE for 30 minutes at a heart rate reserve of 40%-60%. Vascular function was assessed via brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity and augmentation index) at baseline and again at 60 minutes and 120 minutes after exercise.
Results: Compared with MICE, a Tabata-styled exercise increased heart rate at 60 minutes (p<0.05). Both exercises improved vascular function to a similar extent, as evidenced by an increase in flow-mediated dilation and a reduction in arterial stiffness at 60 minutes and 120 minutes (p<0.05).
Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that the Tabata-styled exercise is a time-efficient exercise strategy that is as effective as MICE in enhancing vascular function in healthy young men.

Purpose: To identify the incidence and characteristics of immediate substitutions of injured players that occurred during Korean professional football league matches.
Methods: This study included injuries that resulted in immediate substitutions of injured players during Korean professional football league matches. The match broadcasting records were used to check the date of the match, home-away matches, the team to which players belong, the position on the field of play, and the time of injury. The match recording videos were used to evaluate the injury mechanism and the injured area.
Results: In 228 matches, 66 immediate substitutions of injured players occurred, with an incidence rate of 0.3 per match. Total number of substitutions due to injuries most frequently occurred in May, with 15 substitutions in 30 matches; however, after considering the number of substitutions per match in each month, November was the most severe month with 0.53 substitutions after injuries per match. Most frequently injured players were defenders (36.4%), followed by midfielders, forwards, and goalkeepers. Immediate substitutions of injured players took place 32 times in the first half and 34 times in the second half. 51.5% of all injuries were related to collisions, and injuries to the knee and thigh accounted for 45.5% of all injuries.
Conclusion: There were 66 immediate substitutions of injured players during a single season of the Korean professional football league, with 0.3 substitutions after injuries per match. To prevent and manage serious injuries that can occur during a football match, a thorough analysis of risk factors of injuries that lead to immediate substitution is required.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sedentary behavior measured by accelerometer and cardiovascular disease risk factors from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014-2015. Methods: The participants included in this study volunteered to wear accelerometer (n=1,407). Ordinal logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between sedentary time or sedentary breaks and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the relationship. Covariates were sex, age, educational status, alcohol, smoking, socioeconomic status, body mass index, calorie intake, physical activity, and accelerometer wear time.
Results: The group with the most sedentary time had significantly greater odds of having dyslipidemia (odds ratio, 2.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.54-3.94) compared to the least. There were no other significant relationships between sedentary behavior (sedentary time, sedentary break) and risk factors.
Conclusion: The only significant relationship found in this study was that between sedentary time and dyslipidemia.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of knee anterior and posterior cruciate ligament operation performed in Korea from 2015 to 2018.
Methods: The participants of the study were 62,213 patients with knee anterior and posterior cruciate ligament operation provided by the big data from the Korea Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service from 2015 to 2018. Using the Korean standardized population of the National Statistical Office, the prevalence rate per 100,000 persons was analyzed by dividing them into sex and age.
Results: As a result, the prevalence of knee anterior and posterior cruciate ligament operation by age from 2015 to 2018 was high between 20 and 29 years for men, while that for women was high between 10 and 19 years.
Conclusion: The prevalence rate per 100,000 persons of knee ligament was higher in the 20s for men, while in the 10s for women.

Purpose: This study examined how 12-week regular exercise training affects changes in body composition and factors related to vascular endothelial function including blood nitric oxide (NO) in elderly women with sarcopenic obesity.
Methods: Subjects were divided into exercise group (n=15) and control group (n=15) for sarcopenic obese elderly women with 30% or more of body fat and less than 7.67 kg/m2 of appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM)/height2. Before and after 12 week exercise training, body composition, blood pressure, intima-media thickness of carotid artery, blood lipid profiles, NO, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), malondialdehyde, cortisol concentrations were measured and compared.
Results: In the exercise group, after exercise training, body weight and body fat percentage decreased significantly (p<0.05) and ASM/height2 increased significantly (p<0.05). Systolic blood pressure, intima-media thickness of left carotid artery and blood lipid levels decreased significantly (p<0.05), and blood NO and eNOS increased significantly (p<0.05). However, the control group was not significantly different between before and after exercise training. The amount of change in ASM/height2 after exercise training showed a significant (p<0.05) correlation with the change in blood NO concentration and intima-media thickness of left carotid artery.
Conclusion: Regular exercise training for 12 weeks helps to relieve sarcopenic obesity in the elderly, and positive changes in body composition with increased muscle mass can be drive to positive changes in factors related to vascular endothelial function with blood NO, eNOS and lipids. These effects of exercise training thought to help the improvement of blood pressure and intima-media thickness of carotid artery.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether obesity indicators are mediated in the association between muscle strength and inflammation levels, and further confirm the association between muscle strength level by sex and age and inflammatory levels.
Methods: In this study, 3,234 adults living in rural areas were surveyed from 2007 to 2015 and the data was finally analyzed on 2,149 adults. To identify that obesity indicators are mediated in relation to the association between relative grip strength and C-reactive protein (CRP) level, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using logistic regression analysis (p<0.05).
Results: As confounding variables were adjusted, the odds ratio for high inflammatory conditions was lower at a high (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.40-0.85) or medium (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.46-0.90) level of relative grip strength than a low level of relative grip strength. However, there were no significant results if the body fat percentage was added for the confounding variable. When the association between relative grip strength and inflammatory conditions was divided by sex, for women, the odds ratio about high inflammatory conditions was gradually decreased as the relative grip level increased (medium level: OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.35-0.87; high level: OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.30-0.82). The association of relative grip strength with inflammatory conditions was shown differently in age groups.
Conclusion: In conclusion, improvement of muscle strength is a factor that can lower the level of inflammation, and it is important to lower the level of inflammation that can cause cardiovascular disease through resistance exercise differentiated by age and sex.

Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to examine the effects of 8-week lower trapezius strengthening exercise (LTSE) on shoulder pain, function and archery performance. The secondary aim was to identify main factors that have something to do with injury prevention and performance enhancement for elite archers.
Methods: Thirty-one elite archers were recruited and evenly assigned into the LTSE group (n=16) and into the control group (n=15) based on gender and athletes' career. Shoulder pain was evaluated using Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS). Shoulder function was assessed using the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI), upper quarter Y balance test (UQYBT), Trapezius and Deltoid muscle activity ratios by surface electromyography and the angle of scapula elevation/abduction by 3-dimentional motion analyses. Archery performance was estimated using draw force line (DFL) angle at full bowstring draw position and the scores acquired from real archery shooting. After the baseline measurements, the 8-week LTSEs were implemented and the post-exercise measurements were conducted.
Results: In the LTSE group, NPRS score and WOSI score significantly decreased after exercise program. The activity ratio of upper to lower trapezius muscle, scapula elevation angle and the DFL angle were also significantly reduced. The UQYBT scores significantly increased on both shoulders.
Conclusion: Eight weeks of LTSE has reduced shoulder pain in archers and improved shoulder function and performance factors.

Purpose: This study aimed to provide the descriptive statistics regarding the injury epidemiology of Korean professional basketball players.
Methods: In this study, athlete exposures (AEs) and time exposures (TEs) were collected from the 38 basketball players (17 women) who participated in the 2019-2020 regular season. Injury rate (IR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.
Results: A total of 35 injuries were reported. The overall rate of injury was 5.65 per 1,000 AEs and 0.06 per 1,000 TEs. Approximately 65.7% of all the injuries occurred during the official games, with lower limb injuries accounting for about 57.1% of all the injuries. Ankle was the most frequently injured body area (25.7%) with a IR of 1.45 per 1,000 AEs. Sprain accounted for the largest portion with 54.3% overall, followed by strain, contusion and cartilage damage. The most common cause of injuries was contact with another athletes (37.2%), and the recurrence of past injuries (20.0%) also accounted for a high proportion. Conclusion: Korean professional basketball players experience a high rate of injuries occurring during official games. Ankle sprains were the most common ones. Contact-caused injuries accounted for the highest portion.